GCGovComp.app

City of Los Angeles / Library / Messenger Clerk

Job-title file

Messenger Clerk

Provide administrative support — record-keeping, scheduling, correspondence, and customer service.

507 employees hold this title in Library. Median total compensation for the role is $25,630, below the department median of $35,313.

Employees
507
Role median
$25,630
Agency median
$35,313
Comparison
Below

What the records show

Role pay distribution

Pay distribution for this role

$0$37,953+

How total compensation varies among the 507 people in this role. Even for one job title, pay differs with seniority, step, overtime, and tenure. Each bar is a pay range; the far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Record list

Employees with this title

Highest-paid first / page 4

Fibiana Munoz

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,701
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,974
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$516
Benefits
$10,211
Total compensation
$35,701
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
333337363034
Row ID
25333337363034441111-0PT

At Library, Fibiana Munoz serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,701. Union affiliation: 03.

Karina Dominguez

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,683
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$25,294
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$247
Benefits
$10,141
Total compensation
$35,683
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
333736393733
Row ID
25333736393733441111-0PT

Karina Dominguez is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,683. Union affiliation: 03.

Mario Aragon

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,664
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,987
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$466
Benefits
$10,211
Total compensation
$35,664
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
313739393733
Row ID
25313739393733441111-0PT

Mario Aragon holds the role of Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $35,664. They are represented by 03.

Eduardo Arvizu

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,662
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$945
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,662
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
383133333035
Row ID
25383133333035441111-0PT

Eduardo Arvizu is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,662. Union affiliation: 03.

Carina Sandoval

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,662
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$25,032
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$416
Benefits
$10,213
Total compensation
$35,662
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
323930343234
Row ID
25323930343234441111-0PT

At Library, Carina Sandoval serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,662. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Willow Bosco

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,613
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,797
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$493
Benefits
$10,323
Total compensation
$35,613
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
313934353034
Row ID
25313934353034441111-0PT

Willow Bosco is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,613. Union affiliation: 03.

Cathlina Figueroa

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,564
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,196
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$1,164
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,564
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
363139373933
Row ID
25363139373933441111-0PT

Cathlina Figueroa holds the role of Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $35,564. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Marco Sanchez

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,551
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,749
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$483
Benefits
$10,319
Total compensation
$35,551
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
393939303035
Row ID
25393939303035441111-0PT

Marco Sanchez works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Marco earned $35,551 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Ashley Inyang

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,446
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$726
Benefits
$10,207
Total compensation
$35,446
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
303539333733
Row ID
25303539333733441111-0PT

At Library, Ashley Inyang serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,446. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Soo Won Im

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,427
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,921
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$296
Benefits
$10,211
Total compensation
$35,427
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
323633363034
Row ID
25323633363034441111-0PT

Soo Won Im holds the role of Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $35,427. Union affiliation: 03.

Daijanae Joseph

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,422
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$705
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,422
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
343432333035
Row ID
25343432333035441111-0PT

At Library, Daijanae Joseph serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,422. They are represented by 03.

Teodoro Preciado

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,352
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,230
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$908
Benefits
$10,214
Total compensation
$35,352
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
303035353334
Row ID
25303035353334441111-0PT

At Library, Teodoro Preciado serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,352. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Carissa Adame

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,329
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,391
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$734
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,329
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
343837303135
Row ID
25343837303135441111-0PT

Carissa Adame works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Carissa earned $35,329 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Victor Flores

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,323
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$608
Benefits
$10,203
Total compensation
$35,323
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
313435333035
Row ID
25313435333035441111-0PT

Victor Flores works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Victor earned $35,323 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Joshua Barreras

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,321
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$606
Benefits
$10,203
Total compensation
$35,321
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
303333313134
Row ID
25303333313134441111-0PT

At Library, Joshua Barreras serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,321. Union affiliation: 03.

Eder Saravia

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,304
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,947
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$146
Benefits
$10,211
Total compensation
$35,304
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
343733363034
Row ID
25343733363034441111-0PT

Eder Saravia holds the role of Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $35,304. They are represented by 03.

Christina Erives

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,277
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$559
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,277
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
353435333035
Row ID
25353435333035441111-0PT

At Library, Christina Erives serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,277. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Logan Walker

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,257
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,440
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$613
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,257
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
363839303334
Row ID
25363839303334441111-0PT

Logan Walker holds the role of Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $35,257. They are represented by 03.

Bryan Castillo

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,185
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,220
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$756
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$35,185
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
363536363035
Row ID
25363536363035441111-0PT

Bryan Castillo works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Bryan earned $35,185 in 2025. Union affiliation: 03.

Kaveh Razzaghi Aval

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,182
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$465
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,182
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
373736393035
Row ID
25373736393035441111-0PT

Kaveh Razzaghi Aval works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Kaveh earned $35,182 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Itzel Ortiz Abarca

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,174
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,220
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$745
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$35,174
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
353635363035
Row ID
25353635363035441111-0PT

Itzel Ortiz Abarca works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Itzel earned $35,174 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Cesar Romero

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,146
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,559
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$268
Benefits
$10,319
Total compensation
$35,146
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
323832343135
Row ID
25323832343135441111-0PT

At Library, Cesar Romero serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,146. Union affiliation: 03.

Erick Lopez Colindres

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,144
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,787
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$146
Benefits
$10,211
Total compensation
$35,144
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
373634363034
Row ID
25373634363034441111-0PT

Erick Lopez Colindres works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Erick earned $35,144 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Konrad Najera

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,132
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,440
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$488
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,132
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
363030313334
Row ID
25363030313334441111-0PT

Konrad Najera works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Konrad earned $35,132 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Daisy Lopez

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,130
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$25,037
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$708
Benefits
$9,385
Total compensation
$35,130
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
373139373933
Row ID
25373139373933441111-0PT

Daisy Lopez is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,130. They are represented by 03.

Abraham Maldonado

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,129
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,488
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$436
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,129
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
393837333035
Row ID
25393837333035441111-0PT

At Library, Abraham Maldonado serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,129. Union affiliation: 03.

Lizbeth Salazar-Moreno

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,124
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,196
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$720
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$35,124
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
343837363035
Row ID
25343837363035441111-0PT

Lizbeth Salazar-Moreno works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Lizbeth earned $35,124 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Kevin Farquhar

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,114
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,318
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$475
Benefits
$10,321
Total compensation
$35,114
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
373736343733
Row ID
25373736343733441111-0PT

Kevin Farquhar is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,114. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Parichehr Sagafi

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,110
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,513
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$393
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,110
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
393534393035
Row ID
25393534393035441111-0PT

Parichehr Sagafi works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Parichehr earned $35,110 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Kalynda Crayton

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,068
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,196
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$668
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,068
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
373338323135
Row ID
25373338323135441111-0PT

Kalynda Crayton is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,068. They are represented by 03.

Kristin Disarufino Tober

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,062
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,138
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$716
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$35,062
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
323830313035
Row ID
25323830313035441111-0PT

Kristin Disarufino Tober is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,062. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Loren Galo

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,033
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,342
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$486
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,033
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
343539333334
Row ID
25343539333334441111-0PT

At Library, Loren Galo serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,033. Union affiliation: 03.

Tian Stone

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,031
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,142
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$680
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$35,031
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
333237303035
Row ID
25333237303035441111-0PT

Tian Stone works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Tian earned $35,031 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Daisy Garcia Abrego

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,017
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,564
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$246
Benefits
$10,207
Total compensation
$35,017
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
343832343135
Row ID
25343832343135441111-0PT

At Library, Daisy Garcia Abrego serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,017. They are represented by 03.

April Espinoza Garcia

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,015
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,440
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$371
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$35,015
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
393431343035
Row ID
25393431343035441111-0PT

April Espinoza Garcia works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. April earned $35,015 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Emanuel Mauricio

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$35,013
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,196
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$608
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$35,013
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
373637393833
Row ID
25373637393833441111-0PT

Emanuel Mauricio is a Messenger Clerk at Library within Clerical. They work part-time. 2025 total compensation came to $35,013. They are represented by 03.

Tala Hackbarth

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$34,999
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,196
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$599
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$34,999
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
313731333135
Row ID
25313731333135441111-0PT

Tala Hackbarth works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Tala earned $34,999 in 2025. They are represented by 03.

Susan Abram

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$34,994
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,318
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$472
Benefits
$10,205
Total compensation
$34,994
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
393032313135
Row ID
25393032313135441111-0PT

At Library, Susan Abram serves as a Messenger Clerk within Clerical. They work part-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $34,994. Their bargaining unit is 03.

Peter Illescas

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$34,991
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,269
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$401
Benefits
$10,321
Total compensation
$34,991
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
323931303035
Row ID
25323931303035441111-0PT

Peter Illescas works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Peter earned $34,991 in 2025. Union affiliation: 03.

Esther Gomez

Messenger Clerk/Library

2025 total comp
$34,971
Sub-department
CLERICAL
Base pay
$24,196
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$566
Benefits
$10,209
Total compensation
$34,971
Employment type
Part-Time
Union / bargaining unit
03

Source-specific fields

FMS Department Code
44
Job Class Pay Grade
1111-0
Job Status
Not active
Record Number
333733373035
Row ID
25333733373035441111-0PT

Esther Gomez works as a Messenger Clerk for Library within Clerical. Their status is part-time. Esther earned $34,971 in 2025. Union affiliation: 03.