California / Social Services

Agency file

Social Services

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Social Services delivers health and social services — programs such as Medicaid, public assistance, child welfare, and support for aging and disabled residents.

In 2023, this agency had 5,890 employees with median total compensation of $77,591; the highest distinct record was $314,296.

Year: 2023
Employees: 5,890
Median total: $77,591
Highest record: $314,296

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$0$178,258+

How 2023 total compensation is spread across the 5,890 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($77,591) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

Base — $72,833 (95%)
Overtime — $1,028 (1%)
Other — $3,006 (4%)
Benefits — $0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th

25th

Median

75th

90th

$25,257

$54,229

$77,591

$95,169

$118,240

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $118,240 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $25,257. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

Associate Governmental Program Analyst

980 · $74,653

Licensing Program Analyst

718 · $66,469

Disability Evaluation Analyst III

540 · $86,039

Staff Services Manager I

448 · $89,606

Staff Services Analyst

257 · $51,707

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Record list

Employees

Highest-paid first / page 104

Austin Id Gonzalez

Disability Evaluation Analyst III/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,746

Base pay: $56,926
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,820
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,746
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: FRESNO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,332
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009515367136
Salary Total: $6,142
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $67,057

Austin Id Gonzalez holds the role of Disability Evaluation Analyst III at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,746. They are represented by R01.

Gilberto R Mirazo

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,746

Base pay: $56,926
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,820
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,746
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006745157586
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,746

At Social Services, Gilberto R Mirazo serves as a Staff Services Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,746. They are represented by R01.

Lisa S Fang-Yang

Office Technician (Typing)/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,668

Base pay: $54,509
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4,159
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,668
Union / bargaining unit: R04
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,794
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008951139002
Salary Total: $4,850
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,529

Lisa S Fang-Yang holds the role of Office Technician (Typing) at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,668. Union affiliation: R04.

Amber R Francis

Management Services Technician/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,667

Base pay: $54,203
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4,464
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,667
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,743
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8005505278001
Salary Total: $4,743
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,667

Amber R Francis works as a Management Services Technician for Social Services. Amber earned $58,667 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Sayedah T Mosavi

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,662

Base pay: $55,982
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,680
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,662
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006655157743
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,662

Sayedah T Mosavi works as a Staff Services Analyst for Social Services. Sayedah earned $58,662 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Phua Lee

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,638

Base pay: $56,218
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,638
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,804
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8004425157729
Salary Total: $5,630
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $65,515

Phua Lee is a Staff Services Analyst at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,638. Union affiliation: R01.

Samantha L Semon

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,638

Base pay: $56,218
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,638
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,804
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8004315157703
Salary Total: $5,630
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $65,515

Samantha L Semon holds the role of Staff Services Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,638. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Benita M Whitall

Office Technician (Typing)/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,615

Base pay: $55,583
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,032
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,615
Union / bargaining unit: R04
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,518
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009401139910
Salary Total: $4,518
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $1,086

At Social Services, Benita M Whitall serves as a Office Technician (Typing). Their 2023 pay totaled $58,615. Union affiliation: R04.

Lina Yang

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,610

Base pay: $56,690
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,920
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,610
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: FRESNO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009565365126
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,610

Lina Yang holds the role of Disability Evaluation Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,610. Union affiliation: R01.

Rocio Samara

Office Services Supervisor II (General)/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,608

Base pay: $56,488
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,608
Union / bargaining unit: S04
Work county: SANTA BARBARA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,482
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008921150001
Salary Total: $5,318
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $67,262

Rocio Samara is a Office Services Supervisor II (General) at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,608. Union affiliation: S04.

Lisa-Marie Shirley

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,600

Base pay: $58,300
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,600
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,148
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006415393701
Salary Total: $6,148
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $69,388

Lisa-Marie Shirley works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Social Services. Lisa-Marie earned $58,600 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Paul E Doyle

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,588

Base pay: $56,218
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,370
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,588
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009075157910
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,588

Paul E Doyle works as a Staff Services Analyst for Social Services. Paul earned $58,588 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Melody Winter

Program Technician II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,572

Base pay: $51,359
Overtime: $5,093
Other pay: $2,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,572
Union / bargaining unit: R04
Work county: SAN DIEGO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,664
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009179928126
Salary Total: $4,664
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $55,463

Melody Winter holds the role of Program Technician II at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,572. Their bargaining unit is R04.

Andrew L Alemoh

Licensing Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,546

Base pay: $58,109
Overtime: $113
Other pay: $325
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,546
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,744
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008678223008
Salary Total: $5,744
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $70,583

Andrew L Alemoh holds the role of Licensing Program Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,546. Union affiliation: R19.

Kelly A Zaragoza

Office Technician (Typing)/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,503

Base pay: $52,109
Overtime: $3,974
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,503
Union / bargaining unit: R04
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,794
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008111139047
Salary Total: $4,650
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $57,508

Kelly A Zaragoza works as a Office Technician (Typing) for Social Services. Kelly earned $58,503 in 2023. Union affiliation: R04.

Rashel Roque

Senior Legal Typist/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,465

Base pay: $56,095
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,370
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,465
Union / bargaining unit: R04
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,863
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8003103224052
Salary Total: $4,863
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,465

Rashel Roque works as a Senior Legal Typist for Social Services. Rashel earned $58,465 in 2023. They are represented by R04.

Archibaldo Silva

Licensing Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,462

Base pay: $58,034
Overtime: $128
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,462
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,744
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008668223402
Salary Total: $5,944
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $68,865

Archibaldo Silva holds the role of Licensing Program Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,462. Their bargaining unit is R19.

Shannon S Domingue

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,452

Base pay: $54,512
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,940
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,452
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,884
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009835365003
Salary Total: $5,707
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $70,900

At Social Services, Shannon S Domingue serves as a Disability Evaluation Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,452. Union affiliation: R01.

Natalie Apodaca

Child Nutrition Consultant/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,440

Base pay: $57,940
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $500
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,440
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: TULARE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,819
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8002922160515
Salary Total: $6,614
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $75,681

Natalie Apodaca is a Child Nutrition Consultant at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,440. Union affiliation: R19.

Nai L Saephan

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,416

Base pay: $56,546
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,870
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,416
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,649
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006525393910
Salary Total: $6,450
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $74,346

Nai L Saephan is a Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,416. They are represented by R01.

Marcia L Barnard-Borelli

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,402

Base pay: $55,982
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,402
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8002645157912
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,402

Marcia L Barnard-Borelli is a Staff Services Analyst at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,402. Union affiliation: R01.

Kelly A Duke

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,398

Base pay: $53,941
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4,457
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,398
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,276
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8004315157714
Salary Total: $6,088
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $73,004

Kelly A Duke is a Staff Services Analyst at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,398. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Saira K Uppal

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,394

Base pay: $55,982
Overtime: $42
Other pay: $2,370
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,394
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,148
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006635393702
Salary Total: $6,148
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $69,947

Saira K Uppal holds the role of Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,394. Union affiliation: R01.

Briana Rodriguez

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,366

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $42
Other pay: $1,870
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,366
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SAN DIEGO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009365365910
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,366

Briana Rodriguez holds the role of Disability Evaluation Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,366. They are represented by R01.

Erwin Tjhia

Licensing Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,357

Base pay: $58,107
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $250
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,357
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,211
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008528223407
Salary Total: $6,025
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $71,934

Erwin Tjhia is a Licensing Program Analyst at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,357. Union affiliation: R19.

Araceli Galvan

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,349

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,895
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,349
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,367
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009115365014
Salary Total: $5,367
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $63,657

At Social Services, Araceli Galvan serves as a Disability Evaluation Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,349. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Karen M Rodriguez

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,349

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,895
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,349
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: PLACER

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,367
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009025365189
Salary Total: $2,684
Time Base: PT
Total Pay: $19,718

Karen M Rodriguez holds the role of Disability Evaluation Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,349. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Julie Vang

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,349

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,895
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,349
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: PLACER

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,804
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009025365187
Salary Total: $5,630
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $71,775

At Social Services, Julie Vang serves as a Disability Evaluation Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,349. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Xavier A Gamez

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,335

Base pay: $55,982
Overtime: $33
Other pay: $2,320
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,335
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,649
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8000615393910
Salary Total: $6,450
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $74,489

Xavier A Gamez works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Social Services. Xavier earned $58,335 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Noemy De La Rosa

Executive Secretary II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,334

Base pay: $55,914
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,334
Union / bargaining unit: R04
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,319
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006031245910
Salary Total: $5,519
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $64,927

Noemy De La Rosa works as a Executive Secretary II for Social Services. Noemy earned $58,334 in 2023. Union affiliation: R04.

Tomorrow Sims

Special Investigator Assistant/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,326

Base pay: $57,304
Overtime: $647
Other pay: $375
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,326
Union / bargaining unit: R07
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,192
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008118611002
Salary Total: $5,088
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $66,295

Tomorrow Sims holds the role of Special Investigator Assistant at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,326. Their bargaining unit is R07.

Elizabeth M Tredway

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,324

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,870
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,324
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SAN JOAQUIN

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,804
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009465365104
Salary Total: $5,630
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $67,733

Elizabeth M Tredway holds the role of Disability Evaluation Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,324. They are represented by R01.

Ashley M Ruacho

Licensing Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,283

Base pay: $57,085
Overtime: $638
Other pay: $560
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,283
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,131
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008958223038
Salary Total: $5,947
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $49,227

Ashley M Ruacho holds the role of Licensing Program Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,283. Union affiliation: R19.

Amanda M Goodwin

Licensing Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,276

Base pay: $57,976
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,276
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,212
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008728223017
Salary Total: $6,026
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $70,224

Amanda M Goodwin holds the role of Licensing Program Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,276. Their bargaining unit is R19.

Phomrey Aun

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,274

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,820
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,274
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: FRESNO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009565365132
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $16,082

Phomrey Aun holds the role of Disability Evaluation Analyst at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $58,274. They are represented by R01.

Ariel Tavares

Disability Evaluation Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,274

Base pay: $56,454
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,820
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,274
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $4,962
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009115365002
Salary Total: $4,962
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $58,274

At Social Services, Ariel Tavares serves as a Disability Evaluation Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,274. Union affiliation: R01.

Allyssa N Pippenger

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,266

Base pay: $57,465
Overtime: $201
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,266
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SONOMA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,148
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008135393701
Salary Total: $6,148
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $70,253

At Social Services, Allyssa N Pippenger serves as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,266. They are represented by R01.

Irma P Rodriguez

Child Development Consultant/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,244

Base pay: $57,844
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $400
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,244
Union / bargaining unit: R21
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $8,397
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8003612834505
Salary Total: $8,397
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $98,097

At Social Services, Irma P Rodriguez serves as a Child Development Consultant. Their 2023 pay totaled $58,244. They are represented by R21.

Alexander D Blair

Staff Services Analyst/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,244

Base pay: $55,724
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,520
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,244
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $5,804
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8004425157714
Salary Total: $5,630
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $65,783

Alexander D Blair works as a Staff Services Analyst for Social Services. Alexander earned $58,244 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Hillary C Almas

Disability Evaluation Analyst III/Social Services

2023 total comp

$58,231

Base pay: $55,836
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,395
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $58,231
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: PLACER

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $7,547
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009025367002
Salary Total: $7,547
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $61,916

Hillary C Almas is a Disability Evaluation Analyst III at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $58,231. Union affiliation: R01.