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City and County of San Francisco / Sheriff / Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)

Job-title file

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)

Enforce laws and maintain public safety — patrol, respond to incidents, investigate crimes, and make arrests.

473 employees hold this title in Sheriff. Median total compensation for the role is $218,634, below the department median of $244,688.

Employees
473
Total payroll
$94.1M
Role median
$218,634
Agency median
$244,688
Comparison
Below

What the records show

Role pay distribution

Pay distribution for this role

$177$399,452+

Hover a bar for its range; click to filter the list below.

How total compensation varies among the 473 people in this role. Even for one job title, pay differs with seniority, step, overtime, and tenure. Each bar is a pay range; the far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Compared with the local labor market

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) pay vs. the San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA area

Across all employers in the San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA area, the median wage for Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers — about 7,990 people — is $132,000. Sheriff pays a median base salary of $134,450 for this role, 2% above that figureabout the 56th percentile of local pay for the occupation.

Where Sheriff sits in the local pay range

10th
25th
Median
75th
90th
$95,390
$124,970
$132,000
$141,810
$156,690
Sheriff median · $134,450

The bar is the range of annual wages for Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers across every employer in the San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA area, from the 10th to the 90th percentile, with the middle 50% highlighted. The marker shows Sheriff’s median base salary for this role. Both figures are base pay only.

And across the country

Nationwide, the median wage for Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers — about 670,520 people — is $76,210. Sheriff’s median base salary is 76% above that national figure, above the 90th percentile of pay for the occupation nationally.

10th
25th
Median
75th
90th
$47,510
$59,290
$76,210
$97,600
$115,120
Sheriff median · $134,450

Local and national wages differ for reasons beyond how well a job pays — cost of living, the mix of employers, and local demand for the occupation all move the San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA range relative to the national one.

Computed over the 721 of 882 people in this role paid at least $25,000in base salary. The rest are part-year or part-time records, whose actual pay isn’t comparable to a full-time annual wage.

Median total compensation for this role at Sheriff is $220,649, which includes overtime and employer-paid benefits. The benchmark above excludes both, so total compensation is deliberately not compared against it.

Benchmark: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (May 2025). BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) covers all employers in the area — private, non-profit, and government alike — so this is a comparison against the whole local labor market for the occupation, not against private-sector pay. OEWS wages are straight-time pay and exclude overtime, shift differentials, and employer-paid benefits, so the government figure shown here is base pay on the same basis. Total compensation is not comparable to it. Job titles are matched to the closest standard occupation, so the comparison is between similar work rather than an identical job classification.

Compare jurisdictions

Deputy Sheriff beyond City and County of San Francisco

This role is reported in 10 jurisdictions. In City and County of San Francisco, the median of $220,649 ranks #2 of 10. See Deputy Sheriff across all of City and County of San Francisco

Highest-paying jurisdictions for this role

Los Angeles County
$251,688 · 7,126
Vermont
$84,490 · 20
City of Baltimore
$66,839 · 408
City of Philadelphia
$22,513 · 249
Rhode Island
$21,436 · 152

Median total compensation for comparable Deputy Sheriffroles in other jurisdictions. Titles are matched by normalized name across sources, not identical job classification, and pay is not cost-of-living adjusted. Each bar links to that jurisdiction’s page for the role.

Record list

Employees with this title

Page 1

Ryan Juan

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$198,776
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$112,420
Overtime
$35,040
Other pay
$6,006
Benefits
$45,310
Total compensation
$198,776
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.96

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$25,979
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,115

Ryan Juan is a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 0.96 FTE. 2025 total compensation came to $198,776. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Christopher Hernandez

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$198,617
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$142,634
Overtime
$1,906
Other pay
$8,741
Benefits
$45,336
Total compensation
$198,617
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.01

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,167

Christopher Hernandez holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.01 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $198,617. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Ikaika Kaiwi

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$198,589
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$130,024
Overtime
$8,774
Other pay
$16,931
Benefits
$42,860
Total compensation
$198,589
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.95

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$19,211
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,198

Ikaika Kaiwi works as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) for Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 0.95 FTE. Ikaika earned $198,589 in 2025. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Tyler Ramos

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$197,539
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$127,819
Overtime
$18,975
Other pay
$7,721
Benefits
$43,023
Total compensation
$197,539
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.08

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,179

Tyler Ramos holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.08 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $197,539. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

David Wu

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$197,273
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$104,124
Overtime
$51,097
Other pay
$1,630
Benefits
$40,423
Total compensation
$197,273
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.3

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$3,627

David Wu is a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.3 FTE. 2025 total compensation came to $197,273. Their bargaining unit is Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Randy Villar

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$195,667
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$134,344
Overtime
$17,448
Other pay
$2,036
Benefits
$41,838
Total compensation
$195,667
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.02

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$19,847
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,095

Randy Villar works as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) for Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.02 FTE. Randy earned $195,667 in 2025. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Allen Ramirez

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$194,745
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$108,692
Overtime
$39,078
Other pay
$6,460
Benefits
$40,515
Total compensation
$194,745
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.22

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,686

Allen Ramirez works as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) for Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.22 FTE. Allen earned $194,745 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Robert Boles

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$193,820
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$138,641
Overtime
$10,354
Other pay
$1,944
Benefits
$42,882
Total compensation
$193,820
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.02

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$20,484
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$1,882

Robert Boles holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.02 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $193,820. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Jason Wilson

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$193,696
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$115,065
Overtime
$29,512
Other pay
$6,148
Benefits
$42,971
Total compensation
$193,696
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.17

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$4,787

Jason Wilson holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.17 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $193,696. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Evan Tozier

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$193,365
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$134,440
Overtime
$2,999
Other pay
$13,504
Benefits
$42,422
Total compensation
$193,365
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.96

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$19,857
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$975

Evan Tozier holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 0.96 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $193,365. Their bargaining unit is Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Nathan Kinder

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$191,083
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$99,444
Overtime
$60,479
Other pay
$13,002
Benefits
$18,159
Total compensation
$191,083
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.99

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,457
Retirement Contribution
$15,702

At Sheriff, Nathan Kinder serves as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 0.99 FTE. Their 2025 pay totaled $191,083. Their bargaining unit is Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Rhobin Factoran

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$190,677
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$142,634
Overtime
$568
Other pay
$3,127
Benefits
$44,349
Total compensation
$190,677
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,003

Rhobin Factoran is a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service. 2025 total compensation came to $190,677. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Tyson Terreros

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$190,464
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$109,564
Overtime
$41,731
Other pay
$1,100
Benefits
$38,070
Total compensation
$190,464
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.18

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$19,804
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,152

Tyson Terreros holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.18 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $190,464. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Jungwook Flanagan

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$190,088
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$103,560
Overtime
$42,849
Other pay
$2,881
Benefits
$40,798
Total compensation
$190,088
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.25

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$4,259

At Sheriff, Jungwook Flanagan serves as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.25 FTE. Their 2025 pay totaled $190,088. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Andrea Machado

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$190,053
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$122,026
Overtime
$22,817
Other pay
$3,714
Benefits
$41,496
Total compensation
$190,053
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.12

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,099

At Sheriff, Andrea Machado serves as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.12 FTE. Their 2025 pay totaled $190,053. Their bargaining unit is Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Ryan Stewart

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$189,769
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$133,018
Overtime
$3,959
Other pay
$11,741
Benefits
$41,051
Total compensation
$189,769
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.95

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$19,637
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$695

Ryan Stewart works as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) for Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 0.95 FTE. Ryan earned $189,769 in 2025. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Spencer Balonon

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$188,982
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$142,634
Overtime
$7,943
Other pay
$12,580
Benefits
$25,825
Total compensation
$188,982
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.04

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$1,269
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$1,891

At Sheriff, Spencer Balonon serves as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.04 FTE. Their 2025 pay totaled $188,982. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Giselle Denton

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$186,512
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$127,838
Overtime
$27,356
Other pay
$9,021
Benefits
$22,297
Total compensation
$186,512
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.16

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$2,333
Retirement Contribution
$19,963

Giselle Denton is a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.16 FTE. 2025 total compensation came to $186,512. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Jianbert Calayag

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$184,844
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$104,128
Overtime
$36,757
Other pay
$2,795
Benefits
$41,164
Total compensation
$184,844
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.24

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$4,093

Jianbert Calayag is a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.24 FTE. 2025 total compensation came to $184,844. Their bargaining unit is Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Jordan Linares

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$184,143
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$103,661
Overtime
$38,010
Other pay
$2,016
Benefits
$40,456
Total compensation
$184,143
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.24

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,066
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$4,034

Jordan Linares holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.24 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $184,143. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Zachary Quanico

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$180,662
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$103,195
Overtime
$52,193
Other pay
$5,528
Benefits
$19,746
Total compensation
$180,662
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.29

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$3,940
Retirement Contribution
$15,806

At Sheriff, Zachary Quanico serves as a Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) within Correction & Detention. They work permanent civil service, 1.29 FTE. Their 2025 pay totaled $180,662. Union affiliation: Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).

Jose Ramos

Deputy Sheriff (Sfers)/Sheriff

2025 total comp
$180,195
Sub-department
Correction & Detention
Organization group
Public Protection
Base pay
$112,563
Overtime
$25,572
Other pay
$2,300
Benefits
$39,761
Total compensation
$180,195
Employment type
Permanent Civil Service
Union / bargaining unit
Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA)
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1.16

Source-specific fields

Data As Of
Jun 14, 2026
Data Loaded At
Jun 15, 2026
Department Code
SHF
Health and Dental Benefits
$21,071
Job Code
8504
Job Family Code
8300
Organization Group Code
Public Protection
Other Benefits
$1,969

Jose Ramos holds the role of Deputy Sheriff (Sfers) at Sheriff within Correction & Detention. Their status is permanent civil service, 1.16 FTE. In 2025, their total compensation was $180,195. They are represented by Deputy Sheriffs' Assoc (DSA).