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California / Education

Agency file

Education

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Education administers public education — funding, academic standards, and the operation of schools.

In 2023, this agency had 2,787 employees with median total compensation of $77,553; the highest distinct record was $238,166.

Year
2023
Employees
2,787
Median total
$77,553
Highest record
$238,166

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$0$156,325+

How 2023 total compensation is spread across the 2,787 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($77,553) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

  • Base$69,685 (95%)
  • Overtime$340 (0%)
  • Other$3,343 (5%)
  • Benefits$0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th
25th
Median
75th
90th
$6,242
$43,607
$77,553
$107,927
$122,489

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $122,489 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $6,242. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Record list

Employees

Highest-paid first / page 33

Tamie A Thompson

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$83,367
Base pay
$80,947
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$83,367
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,114
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741205393800
Salary Total
$7,114
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$83,367

Tamie A Thompson works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Tamie earned $83,367 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Trang T Quach

Staff Services Management Auditor/Education

2023 total comp
$83,232
Base pay
$80,812
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$83,232
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,746
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1740255841044
Salary Total
$6,851
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$83,232

At Education, Trang T Quach serves as a Staff Services Management Auditor. Their 2023 pay totaled $83,232. They are represented by R01.

Charles C Udeze

Supervising Counselor, School for the Blind/Education

2023 total comp
$83,217
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND
Base pay
$72,909
Overtime
$7,863
Other pay
$2,445
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$83,217
Union / bargaining unit
S20
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,932
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1845309714003
Salary Total
$6,210
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$83,217

Charles C Udeze holds the role of Supervising Counselor, School for the Blind at Education within School for the Blind. In 2023, their total compensation was $83,217. Union affiliation: S20.

Letitia M Tumaneng

Counselor, School for the Blind/Education

2023 total comp
$83,195
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND
Base pay
$67,100
Overtime
$13,650
Other pay
$2,445
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$83,195
Union / bargaining unit
R20
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,537
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1845309713018
Salary Total
$5,806
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$83,195

Letitia M Tumaneng is a Counselor, School for the Blind at Education within School for the Blind. 2023 total compensation came to $83,195. They are represented by R20.

Jared B Firl

Information Technology Specialist I/Education

2023 total comp
$83,118
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF/RIVERSIDE
Base pay
$80,673
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,445
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$83,118
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
RIVERSIDE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,794
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
2050371402003
Salary Total
$6,994
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$83,118

At Education, Jared B Firl serves as a Information Technology Specialist I within School for the Deaf/Riverside. Their 2023 pay totaled $83,118. Union affiliation: R01.

Christopher J Slaven

Information Technology Associate/Education

2023 total comp
$83,078
Base pay
$82,528
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$550
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$83,078
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,491
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742911401010
Salary Total
$7,491
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$83,078

At Education, Christopher J Slaven serves as a Information Technology Associate. Their 2023 pay totaled $83,078. They are represented by R01.

Kamaldeep K Mann

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,990
Base pay
$81,170
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$1,820
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,990
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,114
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741905393823
Salary Total
$7,114
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,990

Kamaldeep K Mann holds the role of Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,990. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Teresha T Chan Walters

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,951
Base pay
$82,351
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$600
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,951
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,114
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741605393704
Salary Total
$7,114
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,951

Teresha T Chan Walters holds the role of Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,951. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Richard A Calinsky

Associate Editor of Publications/Education

2023 total comp
$82,940
Base pay
$80,520
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,940
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1744105593002
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,940

Richard A Calinsky holds the role of Associate Editor of Publications at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,940. They are represented by R01.

Heather M Esemann

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,940
Base pay
$80,520
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,940
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741905393865
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,940

At Education, Heather M Esemann serves as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $82,940. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Liem D Vo

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,905
Base pay
$82,305
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$600
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,905
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,114
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746635393851
Salary Total
$7,114
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,905

Liem D Vo works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Liem earned $82,905 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Thomas Duong

Information Technology Specialist I/Education

2023 total comp
$82,902
Base pay
$80,482
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,902
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,134
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742911402052
Salary Total
$7,134
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,902

At Education, Thomas Duong serves as a Information Technology Specialist I. Their 2023 pay totaled $82,902. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Odunayo O AkintomideMay be multiple

Teacher, School for the Deaf/Education

2023 total comp
$82,874
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF/FREMONT
Union / bargaining unit
R03
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$383
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
2041009180920
Salary Total
$383
Time Base
INT
Total Pay
$4,963

This Teacher, School for the Deaf record at Education for Odunayo O Akintomide may represent several individuals, totaling $82,874 in 2023.

Sai Moua

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,840
Base pay
$80,520
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,320
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,840
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741905393710
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,840

Sai Moua holds the role of Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,840. Union affiliation: R01.

Sherlynne S Amezcua

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,821
Base pay
$80,401
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,821
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,980
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1745705393826
Salary Total
$6,980
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,821

Sherlynne S Amezcua is a Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. 2023 total compensation came to $82,821. They are represented by R01.

Sindy E Arreola

Staff Services Manager I/Education

2023 total comp
$82,724
Sub-department
SUMMER SCHOOL FOR THE ARTS
Base pay
$80,654
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,070
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,724
Union / bargaining unit
E48
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,041
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1767004800001
Salary Total
$7,041
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,724

At Education, Sindy E Arreola serves as a Staff Services Manager I within Summer School for the Arts. Their 2023 pay totaled $82,724. Their bargaining unit is E48.

Anthony W Daniels

Supervising Counselor, School for the Blind/Education

2023 total comp
$82,723
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND
Base pay
$73,117
Overtime
$7,161
Other pay
$2,445
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,723
Union / bargaining unit
S20
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,932
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1845309714008
Salary Total
$6,227
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,723

Anthony W Daniels holds the role of Supervising Counselor, School for the Blind at Education within School for the Blind. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,723. Their bargaining unit is S20.

Ryan P Welch

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,717
Base pay
$80,297
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,717
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,943
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746635393842
Salary Total
$6,943
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,717

Ryan P Welch works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Ryan earned $82,717 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Erica R Staerr

Child Nutrition Consultant/Education

2023 total comp
$82,708
Base pay
$82,208
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$500
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,708
Union / bargaining unit
R19
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,196
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741912160077
Salary Total
$7,196
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,708

Erica R Staerr holds the role of Child Nutrition Consultant at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,708. They are represented by R19.

Sarah A Chambers

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,621
Base pay
$80,201
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,621
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746155393806
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,621

Sarah A Chambers holds the role of Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,621. Union affiliation: R01.

Rico Petrino

Education Programs Consultant/Education

2023 total comp
$82,591
Base pay
$80,171
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,591
Union / bargaining unit
R21
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,538
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1745102656107
Salary Total
$7,180
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,591

Rico Petrino works as a Education Programs Consultant for Education. Rico earned $82,591 in 2023. They are represented by R21.

Tirzah S Phipps

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,580
Base pay
$80,060
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,520
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,580
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,950
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1740705393804
Salary Total
$6,950
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,580

Tirzah S Phipps is a Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. 2023 total compensation came to $82,580. Union affiliation: R01.

Andres Padilla

Information Technology Specialist I/Education

2023 total comp
$82,459
Base pay
$80,039
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,459
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,852
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742911402051
Salary Total
$6,852
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,459

Andres Padilla is a Information Technology Specialist I at Education. 2023 total compensation came to $82,459. They are represented by R01.

Alicia M Mendoza

Teacher, School for the Blind/Education

2023 total comp
$82,443
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND
Base pay
$76,917
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$5,526
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,443
Union / bargaining unit
R03
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,842
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1846409151013
Salary Total
$7,542
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,443

Alicia M Mendoza holds the role of Teacher, School for the Blind at Education within School for the Blind. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,443. Their bargaining unit is R03.

Jeremy A Navarra

Information Technology Specialist I/Education

2023 total comp
$82,371
Base pay
$80,451
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$1,920
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,371
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,699
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742911402047
Salary Total
$7,699
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,371

Jeremy A Navarra is a Information Technology Specialist I at Education. 2023 total compensation came to $82,371. Union affiliation: R01.

Laura A Sauer

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,353
Base pay
$79,933
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,353
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,114
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741905393813
Salary Total
$6,776
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,353

Laura A Sauer works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Laura earned $82,353 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Kristina K Kozitza

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,232
Base pay
$79,882
Overtime
$5
Other pay
$2,345
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,232
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742065393820
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,232

Kristina K Kozitza works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Kristina earned $82,232 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Frederic Chin

Counselor, School for the Deaf/Education

2023 total comp
$82,164
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF/FREMONT
Base pay
$64,196
Overtime
$15,523
Other pay
$2,445
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,164
Union / bargaining unit
R20
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,112
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
2047019664025
Salary Total
$5,581
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,164

At Education, Frederic Chin serves as a Counselor, School for the Deaf within School for the Deaf/Fremont. Their 2023 pay totaled $82,164. They are represented by R20.

Juan A Saldana

Heavy Truck Driver/Education

2023 total comp
$82,150
Base pay
$59,732
Overtime
$19,351
Other pay
$3,067
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,150
Union / bargaining unit
R12
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,092
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741926378011
Salary Total
$5,092
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,150

Juan A Saldana holds the role of Heavy Truck Driver at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $82,150. Union affiliation: R12.

Andrea C Guenthart

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$82,143
Base pay
$79,723
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,143
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,114
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746155393819
Salary Total
$6,758
Time Base
PT
Total Pay
$82,143

At Education, Andrea C Guenthart serves as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst. Their 2023 pay totaled $82,143. Union affiliation: R01.

Cory L Kennedy

Staff Services Manager I/Education

2023 total comp
$82,126
Base pay
$78,661
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$3,465
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$82,126
Union / bargaining unit
S01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,098
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742434800114
Salary Total
$7,098
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$82,126

Cory L Kennedy works as a Staff Services Manager I for Education. Cory earned $82,126 in 2023. They are represented by S01.

Aubrey M Baude

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$81,983
Base pay
$79,563
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,983
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746635393817
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,983

Aubrey M Baude holds the role of Associate Governmental Program Analyst at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $81,983. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Taylor M Uda

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$81,970
Base pay
$71,876
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$10,094
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,970
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,265
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742605393869
Salary Total
$6,265
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,970

Taylor M Uda works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Taylor earned $81,970 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Ula Justus

Transportation Programs Consultant, Department of Education/Education

2023 total comp
$81,950
Base pay
$80,130
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$1,820
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,950
Union / bargaining unit
R21
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,864
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741402683003
Salary Total
$7,864
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,950

Ula Justus holds the role of Transportation Programs Consultant, Department of Education at Education. In 2023, their total compensation was $81,950. Their bargaining unit is R21.

David A Ramm

Information Technology Associate/Education

2023 total comp
$81,840
Base pay
$79,320
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,520
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,840
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$8,238
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1742911401003
Salary Total
$8,238
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,840

At Education, David A Ramm serves as a Information Technology Associate. Their 2023 pay totaled $81,840. Union affiliation: R01.

John Healy Ii

Supervising Counselor, School for the Blind/Education

2023 total comp
$81,788
Sub-department
SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND
Base pay
$73,309
Overtime
$6,034
Other pay
$2,445
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,788
Union / bargaining unit
S20
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$5,932
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1845309714009
Salary Total
$6,210
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,788

John Healy Ii works as a Supervising Counselor, School for the Blind for Education within School for the Blind. John earned $81,788 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is S20.

Christine Portney

Education Programs Assistant/Education

2023 total comp
$81,785
Base pay
$79,365
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,785
Union / bargaining unit
R21
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,859
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746452655010
Salary Total
$6,859
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,785

Christine Portney is a Education Programs Assistant at Education. 2023 total compensation came to $81,785. They are represented by R21.

Stephanie L Russell

Nutrition Education Consultant/Education

2023 total comp
$81,727
Base pay
$79,402
Overtime
$105
Other pay
$2,220
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,727
Union / bargaining unit
R21
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,538
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1741902261032
Salary Total
$7,538
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,727

Stephanie L Russell works as a Nutrition Education Consultant for Education. Stephanie earned $81,727 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R21.

Timothy R Nash

Associate Governmental Program Analyst/Education

2023 total comp
$81,664
Base pay
$79,244
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,420
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,664
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,907
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746635393853
Salary Total
$6,907
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,664

Timothy R Nash works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Education. Timothy earned $81,664 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Carissa E Lagasca

Education Programs Assistant/Education

2023 total comp
$81,608
Base pay
$80,708
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$900
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$81,608
Union / bargaining unit
R21
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$7,064
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
1746632655033
Salary Total
$7,064
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$81,608

Carissa E Lagasca is a Education Programs Assistant at Education. 2023 total compensation came to $81,608. Their bargaining unit is R21.