- Base pay
- $13,407
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,069
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,475
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Diego
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655810835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,475
Conner Watson works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Conner earned $14,475 in 2024. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $14,444
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,444
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Siskiyou
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,444
At Fish and Wildlife, Desiree Hardin serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $14,444. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $14,218
- Overtime
- $108
- Other pay
- $39
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,366
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sonoma
- Middle name
- C
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653410835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $14,366
Kristoffer Patterson is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2023 total compensation came to $14,366. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $14,245
- Overtime
- $76
- Other pay
- $9
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,330
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652410835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $14,330
Lucas Brattesani holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $14,330. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $14,289
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,289
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- P
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650710835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $14,289
Alexxander Contreras holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $14,289. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $12,738
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,541
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,279
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- B
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,279
Angelina Espinoza is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2024 total compensation came to $14,279. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Ethan FrancoFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $13,475
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $780
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,255
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Shasta
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651810835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,255
Ethan Franco holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $14,255. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $14,095
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,095
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Bernardino
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656050835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $14,095
Jessica Negrete works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Jessica earned $14,095 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $12,683
- Overtime
- $1,407
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,089
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Stanislaus
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,089
Hannah Richter is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $14,089. They are represented by R11.
Cameron LuskFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $14,013
- Overtime
- $71
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,084
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Solano
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653840835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,084
Cameron Lusk holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $14,084. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,209
- Overtime
- $1,840
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $14,049
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- B
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $14,049
Robert Schoenthaler is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2024 total compensation came to $14,049. Union affiliation: R11.
Julia KaiserFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $13,964
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,964
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652610835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,964
Julia Kaiser is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2023 total compensation came to $13,964. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $13,569
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $379
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,948
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,948
Dominick Davis holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $13,948. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,647
- Overtime
- $193
- Other pay
- $1,079
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,919
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Siskiyou
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $16
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651810835905
- Salary Total
- $16
- Total Pay
- $13,919
Tyler Obermeit holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $13,919. They are represented by R11.
Camden EschFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $12,888
- Overtime
- $181
- Other pay
- $808
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,876
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- C
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $16
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651810835905
- Salary Total
- $16
- Total Pay
- $13,876
Camden Esch holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $13,876. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $13,812
- Overtime
- $28
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,841
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $13,841
Meghan Thompson holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $13,841. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $11,534
- Overtime
- $1,554
- Other pay
- $603
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,691
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,691
At Fish and Wildlife, Andrew Martinez serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $13,691. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,976
- Overtime
- $17
- Other pay
- $696
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,690
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- D
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,690
Tyler Johnson is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2024 total compensation came to $13,690. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $10,670
- Overtime
- $1,032
- Other pay
- $1,945
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,647
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,647
Tessa Mcdonnell holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $13,647. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Sienna EstesFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $10,851
- Overtime
- $106
- Other pay
- $2,686
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,643
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sonoma
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653430835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,643
Sienna Estes holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $13,643. They are represented by R11.
Roman WellsFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $12,631
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $996
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,627
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Fresno
- Middle name
- W
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $16
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654430835905
- Salary Total
- $16
- Total Pay
- $13,627
Roman Wells is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2023 total compensation came to $13,627. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,838
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $787
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,625
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sonoma
- Middle name
- C
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,625
Jaclyn Plasterer holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $13,625. They are represented by R11.
Dana OdinealFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $10,554
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $3,045
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,598
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- C
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,598
Dana Odineal works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Dana earned $13,598 in 2024. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,930
- Overtime
- $657
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,587
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,587
Olivia Marie Carter holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $13,587. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $12,219
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,365
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,584
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Shasta
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,584
At Fish and Wildlife, Rajkkeran Rajan serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2024 pay totaled $13,584. Union affiliation: R11.
Jane LesterFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $12,999
- Overtime
- $547
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,546
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656050835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,546
Jane Lester is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $13,546. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,440
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,099
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,539
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Santa Barbara
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655410835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,539
Erika Zimmermann works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Erika earned $13,539 in 2024. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $12,170
- Overtime
- $794
- Other pay
- $471
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,435
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,435
Carlos Alberto Vazquez works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Carlos earned $13,435 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $12,940
- Overtime
- $327
- Other pay
- $84
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,351
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,351
At Fish and Wildlife, Jocelyn Garcia serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $13,351. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $12,886
- Overtime
- $9
- Other pay
- $413
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,308
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,308
Melinda Houtman is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $13,308. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $12,376
- Overtime
- $71
- Other pay
- $780
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,227
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Shasta
- Middle name
- F
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651810835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,227
Callum Goulding works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Callum earned $13,227 in 2024. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Aris OwnsbeyFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $11,982
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,243
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,225
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,225
Aris Ownsbey holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $13,225. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $12,070
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,142
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,212
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Orange
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,212
Allison Linskey holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $13,212. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $12,747
- Overtime
- $415
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,162
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652610835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,162
Isabella Caldarelli holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $13,162. They are represented by R11.
Riley SlaterFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $12,369
- Overtime
- $792
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,161
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,161
Riley Slater is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $13,161. Union affiliation: R11.
Blake KnappFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $12,421
- Overtime
- $741
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,161
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,161
Blake Knapp works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Blake earned $13,161 in 2025. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $12,367
- Overtime
- $794
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,161
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,161
Christopher Martin is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $13,161. They are represented by R11.
Reid HarmelFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $13,145
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,145
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Ventura
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656020835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $13,145
At Fish and Wildlife, Reid Harmel serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2023 pay totaled $13,145. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $13,133
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,133
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Orange
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $16
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,133
Jose Morales-Doo is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2023 total compensation came to $13,133. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $10,828
- Overtime
- $2,303
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $13,131
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $13,131
Clare Hanneman is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $13,131. They are represented by R11.