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California / Industrial Relations

Agency file

Industrial Relations

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Industrial Relations is a government agency that delivers public services and programs within its jurisdiction.

In 2023, this agency had 3,037 employees with median total compensation of $87,525; the highest distinct record was $289,350.

Year
2023
Employees
3,037
Median total
$87,525
Highest record
$289,350

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$0$190,708+

How 2023 total compensation is spread across the 3,037 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($87,525) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

  • Base$85,468 (94%)
  • Overtime$1,096 (1%)
  • Other$4,347 (5%)
  • Benefits$0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th
25th
Median
75th
90th
$25,872
$56,744
$87,525
$125,539
$165,975

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $165,975 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $25,872. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Record list

Employees

Highest-paid first / page 9

Spencer L Price

Senior Safety Engineer -Industrial-/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$163,548
Base pay
$160,548
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$3,000
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$163,548
Union / bargaining unit
R09
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,610
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004353909046
Salary Total
$13,610
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$163,548

At Industrial Relations, Spencer L Price serves as a Senior Safety Engineer -Industrial-. Their 2023 pay totaled $163,548. Union affiliation: R09.

Jessenya Y Hernandez

Attorney III/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,804
Base pay
$161,804
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$1,000
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,804
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,526
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4005045795058
Salary Total
$13,726
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,804

Jessenya Y Hernandez works as a Attorney III for Industrial Relations. Jessenya earned $162,804 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Cynthia L Perez

Attorney IV/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,651
Base pay
$134,643
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$28,007
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,651
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$14,954
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004305780904
Salary Total
$14,954
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,651

Cynthia L Perez is a Attorney IV at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $162,651. They are represented by R02.

Edwin F Lowry

Chairman, Osha Appeals Board/Department of Industrial Relations/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,646
Base pay
$156,164
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$6,482
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,646
Union / bargaining unit
E99
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,239
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4008005485001
Salary Total
$13,239
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,646

Edwin F Lowry works as a Chairman, Osha Appeals Board/Department of Industrial Relations for Industrial Relations. Edwin earned $162,646 in 2023. They are represented by E99.

Sotivear Sim

Attorney III/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,491
Base pay
$154,960
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$7,531
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,491
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,460
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4005045795059
Salary Total
$13,460
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,491

Sotivear Sim works as a Attorney III for Industrial Relations. Sotivear earned $162,491 in 2023. They are represented by R02.

River J Sung

Attorney IV/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,448
Base pay
$161,498
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$950
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,448
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$14,202
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006015780006
Salary Total
$14,202
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,448

River J Sung is a Attorney IV at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $162,448. Union affiliation: R02.

Sam E Lucas

Supervising Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,280
Base pay
$161,030
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$1,250
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,280
Union / bargaining unit
S02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,104
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4008006017009
Salary Total
$13,759
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,280

Sam E Lucas holds the role of Supervising Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $162,280. Their bargaining unit is S02.

Michelle Leung

Senior Personnel Specialist/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$162,009
Base pay
$0
Overtime
$4,091
Other pay
$157,918
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$162,009
Union / bargaining unit
R01
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$6,184
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4001041317007
Salary Total
$6,493
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$162,009

Michelle Leung works as a Senior Personnel Specialist for Industrial Relations. Michelle earned $162,009 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Mary Colleen Ryan

Attorney IV/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,802
Base pay
$161,352
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$450
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,802
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$14,954
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4005085780004
Salary Total
$14,954
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,802

Mary Colleen Ryan is a Attorney IV at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $161,802. They are represented by R02.

Christopher Brown

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,693
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$575
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,693
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006736016255
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,693

At Industrial Relations, Christopher Brown serves as a Administrative Law Judge. Their 2023 pay totaled $161,693. Union affiliation: R02.

Desirae Hutchison

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,546
Base pay
$149,800
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$11,745
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,546
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$12,190
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006796016252
Salary Total
$12,800
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,546

At Industrial Relations, Desirae Hutchison serves as a Administrative Law Judge. Their 2023 pay totaled $161,546. Union affiliation: R02.

Mirna Solis

Attorney IV/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,477
Base pay
$161,008
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$469
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,477
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$14,340
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4001135780024
Salary Total
$14,340
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,477

Mirna Solis holds the role of Attorney IV at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $161,477. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Amy E Britt

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,468
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$350
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,468
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006716016188
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,468

Amy E Britt holds the role of Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $161,468. They are represented by R02.

Julie C Feng

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,468
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$350
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,468
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006666016145
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,468

Julie C Feng works as a Administrative Law Judge for Industrial Relations. Julie earned $161,468 in 2023. Union affiliation: R02.

Jared E Klipfel

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,468
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$350
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,468
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006816016233
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,468

At Industrial Relations, Jared E Klipfel serves as a Administrative Law Judge. Their 2023 pay totaled $161,468. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Maribeth Arendt

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,393
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$275
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,393
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SAN JOAQUIN

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006836016290
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,393

At Industrial Relations, Maribeth Arendt serves as a Administrative Law Judge. Their 2023 pay totaled $161,393. Union affiliation: R02.

Oliver E Cathey Iii

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,393
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$275
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,393
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006796016061
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,393

Oliver E Cathey Iii works as a Administrative Law Judge for Industrial Relations. Oliver earned $161,393 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Gene W Lee

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,393
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$275
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,393
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006796016230
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,393

Gene W Lee holds the role of Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $161,393. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Jeffrey V Marrone

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,343
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$225
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,343
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006846016362
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,343

Jeffrey V Marrone holds the role of Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $161,343. They are represented by R02.

Bernie L Williamson

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$161,343
Base pay
$161,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$225
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$161,343
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006716016361
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$161,343

Bernie L Williamson works as a Administrative Law Judge for Industrial Relations. Bernie earned $161,343 in 2023. Union affiliation: R02.

Stephen M Miley

Senior Safety Engineer -Elevators-/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,728
Base pay
$160,721
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$7
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,728
Union / bargaining unit
S09
Work county
SAN DIEGO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,625
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004463894032
Salary Total
$13,625
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,728

Stephen M Miley works as a Senior Safety Engineer -Elevators- for Industrial Relations. Stephen earned $160,728 in 2023. They are represented by S09.

Victor Copelan

District Manager, Division of Occupational Safety and Health/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,721
Base pay
$160,721
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,721
Union / bargaining unit
S09
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,625
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004043893047
Salary Total
$13,625
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,721

At Industrial Relations, Victor Copelan serves as a District Manager, Division of Occupational Safety and Health. Their 2023 pay totaled $160,721. They are represented by S09.

Gregory S Clark

Senior Safety Engineer -Industrial-/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,548
Base pay
$160,548
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,548
Union / bargaining unit
R09
Work county
KERN

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,610
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004613909074
Salary Total
$13,610
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,548

Gregory S Clark works as a Senior Safety Engineer -Industrial- for Industrial Relations. Gregory earned $160,548 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R09.

Joe L Carranza

Supervising Workers' Compensation Consultant/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,376
Base pay
$106,375
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$54,001
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,376
Union / bargaining unit
S01
Work county
SAN JOAQUIN

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$8,313
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006509212026
Salary Total
$8,313
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,376

At Industrial Relations, Joe L Carranza serves as a Supervising Workers' Compensation Consultant. Their 2023 pay totaled $160,376. Union affiliation: S01.

Stefanie V Ashton

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,246
Base pay
$159,846
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$400
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,246
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,111
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006616016282
Salary Total
$13,767
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,246

Stefanie V Ashton is a Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $160,246. They are represented by R02.

Suman Biswas

C.E.A./Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,189
Base pay
$157,669
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$2,520
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,189
Union / bargaining unit
M01
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,366
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4001767500001
Salary Total
$13,366
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,189

Suman Biswas is a C.E.A. at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $160,189. They are represented by M01.

Lehoa Nguyen

Attorney III/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,170
Base pay
$159,470
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$700
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,170
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SAN FRANCISCO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,526
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4003305795014
Salary Total
$13,526
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,170

Lehoa Nguyen holds the role of Attorney III at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $160,170. Union affiliation: R02.

Ben H Nakatani Jr

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$160,156
Base pay
$151,013
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$9,143
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$160,156
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$12,486
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006616016306
Salary Total
$13,110
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$160,156

Ben H Nakatani Jr is a Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $160,156. Union affiliation: R02.

Timothy L Haxton

Attorney III/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$159,970
Base pay
$159,470
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$500
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$159,970
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SAN FRANCISCO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,526
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4003305795011
Salary Total
$13,526
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$159,970

At Industrial Relations, Timothy L Haxton serves as a Attorney III. Their 2023 pay totaled $159,970. Union affiliation: R02.

Valiant W Wong

Associate Safety Engineer (Elevators)/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$159,723
Base pay
$143,937
Overtime
$12,786
Other pay
$3,000
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$159,723
Union / bargaining unit
R09
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$11,566
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004373884136
Salary Total
$12,202
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$159,723

Valiant W Wong works as a Associate Safety Engineer (Elevators) for Industrial Relations. Valiant earned $159,723 in 2023. Union affiliation: R09.

Martha I Casillas

Attorney IV/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$159,441
Base pay
$159,341
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$100
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$159,441
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$14,131
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4001135780031
Salary Total
$14,131
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$159,441

At Industrial Relations, Martha I Casillas serves as a Attorney IV. Their 2023 pay totaled $159,441. Union affiliation: R02.

Jeffrey M Wallace

Senior Safety Engineer -Mining and Tunneling-/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$159,309
Base pay
$153,479
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$5,830
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$159,309
Union / bargaining unit
S09
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,625
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004403905016
Salary Total
$13,625
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$159,309

Jeffrey M Wallace works as a Senior Safety Engineer -Mining and Tunneling- for Industrial Relations. Jeffrey earned $159,309 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is S09.

Paul H Saltzen

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$159,212
Base pay
$158,737
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$475
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$159,212
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SAN JOAQUIN

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$12,917
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4006836016396
Salary Total
$13,563
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$159,212

Paul H Saltzen works as a Administrative Law Judge for Industrial Relations. Paul earned $159,212 in 2023. Union affiliation: R02.

Scott L Jones

Attorney III/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$158,820
Base pay
$158,070
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$750
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$158,820
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
FRESNO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,526
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4005065795005
Salary Total
$13,526
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$158,820

Scott L Jones is a Attorney III at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $158,820. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Joseph F Hart

Attorney III/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$158,616
Base pay
$157,866
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$750
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$158,616
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,390
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4005075795030
Salary Total
$13,390
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$158,616

Joseph F Hart works as a Attorney III for Industrial Relations. Joseph earned $158,616 in 2023. They are represented by R02.

Jose Nevarez

District Manager, Division of Occupational Safety and Health/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$158,322
Base pay
$154,822
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$3,500
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$158,322
Union / bargaining unit
S09
Work county
SAN FRANCISCO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$12,752
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004013893068
Salary Total
$13,653
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$158,322

Jose Nevarez works as a District Manager, Division of Occupational Safety and Health for Industrial Relations. Jose earned $158,322 in 2023. Union affiliation: S09.

Christopher A Jessup

Administrative Law Judge/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$158,226
Base pay
$157,526
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$700
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$158,226
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$12,933
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4008006016046
Salary Total
$13,580
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$158,226

Christopher A Jessup holds the role of Administrative Law Judge at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $158,226. They are represented by R02.

Richard A Haskell

Associate Safety Engineer/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$158,222
Base pay
$152,776
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$5,446
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$158,222
Union / bargaining unit
R09
Work county
ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$11,566
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004133929021
Salary Total
$11,913
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$158,222

Richard A Haskell holds the role of Associate Safety Engineer at Industrial Relations. In 2023, their total compensation was $158,222. Their bargaining unit is R09.

Andrew A Wood

Attorney IV/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$157,526
Base pay
$156,826
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$700
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$157,526
Union / bargaining unit
R02
Work county
SAN FRANCISCO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$14,133
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4003305780009
Salary Total
$14,133
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$157,526

Andrew A Wood is a Attorney IV at Industrial Relations. 2023 total compensation came to $157,526. Union affiliation: R02.

Ujitha A Perera

District Manager, Division of Occupational Safety and Health/Industrial Relations

2023 total comp
$157,319
Base pay
$157,319
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$157,319
Union / bargaining unit
S09
Work county
ORANGE

Source-specific fields

Base Pay
$13,625
Cs/csu
CS
Position Number
4004263893063
Salary Total
$13,625
Time Base
FT
Total Pay
$157,319

Ujitha A Perera works as a District Manager, Division of Occupational Safety and Health for Industrial Relations. Ujitha earned $157,319 in 2023. They are represented by S09.