California / Social Services

Agency file

Social Services

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Social Services delivers health and social services — programs such as Medicaid, public assistance, child welfare, and support for aging and disabled residents.

In 2023, this agency had 5,890 employees with median total compensation of $77,591; the highest distinct record was $314,296.

Year: 2023
Employees: 5,890
Median total: $77,591
Highest record: $314,296

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$0$178,258+

How 2023 total compensation is spread across the 5,890 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($77,591) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

Base — $72,833 (95%)
Overtime — $1,028 (1%)
Other — $3,006 (4%)
Benefits — $0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th

25th

Median

75th

90th

$25,257

$54,229

$77,591

$95,169

$118,240

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $118,240 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $25,257. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

Associate Governmental Program Analyst

980 · $74,653

Licensing Program Analyst

718 · $66,469

Disability Evaluation Analyst III

540 · $86,039

Staff Services Manager I

448 · $89,606

Staff Services Analyst

257 · $51,707

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Record list

Employees

Highest-paid first / page 15

Viorel Alaman

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007611402004
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Viorel Alaman works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Viorel earned $119,581 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Rhonda L Capper

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007001402009
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Rhonda L Capper works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Rhonda earned $119,581 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Deborah P Gallegos

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007211402001
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Deborah P Gallegos holds the role of Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $119,581. Union affiliation: R01.

Richard Huntley Jr

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631402017
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Richard Huntley Jr works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Richard earned $119,581 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Abayomi M Ogundairo

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007611402003
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

At Social Services, Abayomi M Ogundairo serves as a Information Technology Specialist I. Their 2023 pay totaled $119,581. They are represented by R01.

Jamie M Pachner-Essex

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007621402015
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Jamie M Pachner-Essex is a Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $119,581. They are represented by R01.

Hoang T Pham

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631402011
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Hoang T Pham holds the role of Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $119,581. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Susan P Toomire

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007711402401
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Susan P Toomire holds the role of Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $119,581. Union affiliation: R01.

Charles C Wang

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007711402005
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Charles C Wang works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Charles earned $119,581 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Victor K Wong

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007711402016
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

At Social Services, Victor K Wong serves as a Information Technology Specialist I. Their 2023 pay totaled $119,581. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Miguelito G Yap

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007711402403
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Miguelito G Yap works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Miguelito earned $119,581 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Patrick J Yuke

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,581

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,581
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007751402004
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,581

Patrick J Yuke works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Patrick earned $119,581 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Sharon S Kim

Medical Consultant I, Department of Social Services/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,490

Base pay: $112,652
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $6,838
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,490
Union / bargaining unit: R16
Work county: SAN DIEGO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $17,853
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009187784105
Salary Total: $9,819
Time Base: PT
Total Pay: $119,490

Sharon S Kim holds the role of Medical Consultant I, Department of Social Services at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $119,490. Union affiliation: R16.

Ann R Mizoguchi

Staff Services Manager II (Supervisory)/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,337

Base pay: $108,745
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $10,592
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,337
Union / bargaining unit: S01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,219
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8005214801001
Salary Total: $9,219
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,337

At Social Services, Ann R Mizoguchi serves as a Staff Services Manager II (Supervisory). Their 2023 pay totaled $119,337. They are represented by S01.

Christine C Ferris

Investigator/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,301

Base pay: $119,001
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,301
Union / bargaining unit: R07
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,197
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008188610020
Salary Total: $10,497
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,301

At Social Services, Christine C Ferris serves as a Investigator. Their 2023 pay totaled $119,301. Union affiliation: R07.

Vincent V Dang

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,205

Base pay: $116,785
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,205
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007741402012
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,205

Vincent V Dang works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Vincent earned $119,205 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Stephanie E Salazar

Nutrition Education Consultant/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,170

Base pay: $114,215
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4,955
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,170
Union / bargaining unit: R21
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,718
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8002932261502
Salary Total: $9,718
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,170

Stephanie E Salazar is a Nutrition Education Consultant at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $119,170. Their bargaining unit is R21.

Rebecca L Berggren

Emergency Services Coordinator, Office of Emergency Services/Social Services

2023 total comp

$119,133

Base pay: $79,406
Overtime: $39,127
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $119,133
Union / bargaining unit: R07
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $6,785
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8006114926001
Salary Total: $6,785
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $119,133

Rebecca L Berggren is a Emergency Services Coordinator, Office of Emergency Services at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $119,133. Their bargaining unit is R07.

Ricardo Hernandez

Supervising Special Investigator II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,992

Base pay: $118,692
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,992
Union / bargaining unit: S07
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,196
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008158547001
Salary Total: $10,196
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,992

At Social Services, Ricardo Hernandez serves as a Supervising Special Investigator II. Their 2023 pay totaled $118,992. Union affiliation: S07.

Elenita I Jimenez

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,981

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,820
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,981
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631402013
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,981

Elenita I Jimenez holds the role of Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,981. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Beth A Wrightson

Adoptions Supervisor II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,930

Base pay: $118,705
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $225
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,930
Union / bargaining unit: S19
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,063
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8005249391001
Salary Total: $10,063
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,930

Beth A Wrightson holds the role of Adoptions Supervisor II at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,930. Union affiliation: S19.

Kevin M Gjerde

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,820

Base pay: $116,675
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,145
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,820
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631402012
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,820

Kevin M Gjerde holds the role of Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,820. They are represented by R01.

Lorraine R Patterson

Investigator/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,751

Base pay: $118,451
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,751
Union / bargaining unit: R07
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,197
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008188610013
Salary Total: $10,522
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,751

Lorraine R Patterson holds the role of Investigator at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,751. Union affiliation: R07.

Emmanuel O Eke

Administrative Law Judge/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,687

Base pay: $101,803
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $16,884
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,687
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $11,321
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8004136016008
Salary Total: $11,887
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,687

Emmanuel O Eke works as a Administrative Law Judge for Social Services. Emmanuel earned $118,687 in 2023. Union affiliation: R02.

Rachel R Skewes

Staff Services Manager III/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,668

Base pay: $116,248
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,668
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,012
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8002624802001
Salary Total: $10,012
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,668

Rachel R Skewes holds the role of Staff Services Manager III at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,668. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Edward Hector

Investigator/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,501

Base pay: $118,451
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $50
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,501
Union / bargaining unit: R07
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,197
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008188610015
Salary Total: $10,522
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,501

Edward Hector is a Investigator at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $118,501. They are represented by R07.

Tarita E Patterson

Child Nutrition Consultant/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,417

Base pay: $76,337
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $42,080
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,417
Union / bargaining unit: R19
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $7,616
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8002922160504
Salary Total: $7,616
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,417

Tarita E Patterson is a Child Nutrition Consultant at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $118,417. They are represented by R19.

Danette N Deremo

Staff Services Manager III/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,367

Base pay: $115,947
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,367
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,986
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8004734802001
Salary Total: $9,986
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,367

Danette N Deremo holds the role of Staff Services Manager III at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,367. They are represented by M01.

Edward K Armstrong

Information Technology Supervisor II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,346

Base pay: $115,926
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,346
Union / bargaining unit: S01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,232
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631404002
Salary Total: $10,232
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,346

At Social Services, Edward K Armstrong serves as a Information Technology Supervisor II. Their 2023 pay totaled $118,346. They are represented by S01.

Jose J Santana

Investigator/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,240

Base pay: $117,940
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $300
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,240
Union / bargaining unit: R07
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,615
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008188610026
Salary Total: $10,140
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,240

At Social Services, Jose J Santana serves as a Investigator. Their 2023 pay totaled $118,240. They are represented by R07.

Daniel S Geiger

Information Technology Specialist II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,216

Base pay: $115,796
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,216
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,933
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007201414003
Salary Total: $9,933
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,216

Daniel S Geiger holds the role of Information Technology Specialist II at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $118,216. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Rachel D Trusty

Staff Services Manager III/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,058

Base pay: $115,638
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,058
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,164
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8005304802003
Salary Total: $10,164
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,058

At Social Services, Rachel D Trusty serves as a Staff Services Manager III. Their 2023 pay totaled $118,058. Union affiliation: M01.

Umamaheswari Seshathri

Information Technology Manager I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,058

Base pay: $115,638
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,058
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007741405001
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,058

Umamaheswari Seshathri is a Information Technology Manager I at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $118,058. They are represented by M01.

Shannon L Southwood

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,056

Base pay: $115,636
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,056
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631402018
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,056

Shannon L Southwood works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Shannon earned $118,056 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Jeffery T Fowler

Staff Services Manager III/Social Services

2023 total comp

$118,044

Base pay: $113,181
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4,863
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $118,044
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,990
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8003544802001
Salary Total: $9,990
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $118,044

At Social Services, Jeffery T Fowler serves as a Staff Services Manager III. Their 2023 pay totaled $118,044. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Kristiarsi Rudito

Medical Consultant I, Department of Social Services/Social Services

2023 total comp

$117,824

Base pay: $116,474
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,350
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $117,824
Union / bargaining unit: R16
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $17,853
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8009237784070
Salary Total: $9,395
Time Base: PT
Total Pay: $117,824

Kristiarsi Rudito works as a Medical Consultant I, Department of Social Services for Social Services. Kristiarsi earned $117,824 in 2023. They are represented by R16.

Shawn S Choo

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$117,761

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $117,761
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007631402010
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $117,761

Shawn S Choo is a Information Technology Specialist I at Social Services. 2023 total compensation came to $117,761. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Kathleen P Horvath

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$117,761

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $117,761
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007121402020
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $117,761

Kathleen P Horvath works as a Information Technology Specialist I for Social Services. Kathleen earned $117,761 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Larry W Klein

Information Technology Specialist I/Social Services

2023 total comp

$117,761

Base pay: $117,161
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $117,761
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,932
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8007711402003
Salary Total: $9,932
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $117,761

At Social Services, Larry W Klein serves as a Information Technology Specialist I. Their 2023 pay totaled $117,761. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Bertha Manzanares

Licensing Program Manager II/Social Services

2023 total comp

$117,754

Base pay: $113,214
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4,540
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $117,754
Union / bargaining unit: S19
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $9,581
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 8008668224001
Salary Total: $9,781
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $117,754

Bertha Manzanares holds the role of Licensing Program Manager II at Social Services. In 2023, their total compensation was $117,754. They are represented by S19.