California / Supreme Court

Agency file

Supreme Court

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jul 4, 2026

The Supreme Court operates the court system — adjudicating cases and maintaining judicial records.

In 2025, this agency had 156 employees with median total compensation of $128,257; the highest distinct record was $285,544.

Year: 2025
Total payroll: $20.9M
Employees: 156
Median total: $128,257
Highest record: $285,544

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$260$252,332+

Hover a bar for its range; click to filter the list below.

How 2025 total compensation is spread across the 156 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($128,257) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

Base — $129,100 (96%)
Overtime — $0 (0%)
Other — $4,900 (4%)
Benefits — $0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th

25th

Median

75th

90th

$35,202

$85,917

$128,257

$193,946

$226,325

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $226,325 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $35,202. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

Senior Supreme Court Attorney

26 · $180,279

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F

14 · $198,721

Supreme Court Attorney, Range D

8 · $159,024

Senior Deputy Clerk

8 · $102,437

Judicial Assistant to a Supreme Court Justice

7 · $107,406

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Trend

Year over year

How this department's total payroll, headcount, and median pay changed across the 3 published years.

Year	Total payroll	Employees	Median pay
2023	$20M —	163 —	$109,656 —
2024	$21.4M ▲ 7.1%	167 ▲ 2.5%	$121,825 ▲ 11.1%
2025	$20.9M ▼ 2.2%	156 ▼ 6.6%	$128,257 ▲ 5.3%

Record list

Employees

Page 1

Albert Krathaus Iii

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507036
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Albert Krathaus Iii is a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $198,721. Union affiliation: E88.

Elizabeth Goya-Morris

Lead Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012497008
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Elizabeth Goya-Morris works as a Lead Supreme Court Attorney for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Elizabeth earned $198,721 in 2025. They are represented by E88.

Tyler Roozen

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: Los Angeles
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507030
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

At Supreme Court, Tyler Roozen serves as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $198,721. They are represented by E88.

Kristy Topham

Lead Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: L

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012497009
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Kristy Topham works as a Lead Supreme Court Attorney for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Kristy earned $198,721 in 2025. They are represented by E88.

Benjamin Vance

Lead Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: R

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012497002
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Benjamin Vance works as a Lead Supreme Court Attorney for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Benjamin earned $198,721 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Christine Chang Min

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: Los Angeles
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507038
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

At Supreme Court, Christine Chang Min serves as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $198,721. They are represented by E88.

Gregory Fortescue

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: F

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507045
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

At Supreme Court, Gregory Fortescue serves as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $198,721. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Amy Haddix

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: E

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507046
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

At Supreme Court, Amy Haddix serves as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $198,721. Union affiliation: E88.

Anne Scott

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: K

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507050
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Anne Scott holds the role of Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $198,721. Union affiliation: E88.

Jeffrey Terraciano

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: S

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507029
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Jeffrey Terraciano works as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Jeffrey earned $198,721 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Yasmin Gilani

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507054
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Yasmin Gilani holds the role of Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $198,721. They are represented by E88.

Nicole Sugnet

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,721

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,721
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: D

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507025
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,721

Nicole Sugnet is a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $198,721. Union affiliation: E88.

Sanna Singer

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$198,240

Base pay: $195,601
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,639
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $198,240
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Diego
Middle name: R

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507051
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $198,240

Sanna Singer is a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $198,240. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Chaise Bivin

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$196,488

Base pay: $193,368
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $196,488
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Diego
Middle name: R

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,794
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507052
Salary Total: $16,290
Total Pay: $196,488

Chaise Bivin is a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $196,488. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Dylan Calsyn

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2024 total comp

$195,455

Base pay: $192,335
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $195,455
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Diego
Middle name: S

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,305
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507044
Salary Total: $16,305
Total Pay: $195,455

Dylan Calsyn works as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Dylan earned $195,455 in 2024. Union affiliation: E88.

Sandra Mori

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2024 total comp

$195,455

Base pay: $192,335
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $195,455
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,305
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507047
Salary Total: $16,305
Total Pay: $195,455

At Supreme Court, Sandra Mori serves as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F. They work full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $195,455. Union affiliation: E88.

Paul Rose

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2024 total comp

$195,455

Base pay: $192,335
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $195,455
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Diego
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,305
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507052
Salary Total: $16,305
Total Pay: $195,455

Paul Rose works as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Paul earned $195,455 in 2024. Union affiliation: E88.

Matthew Scherb

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2024 total comp

$195,455

Base pay: $192,335
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $195,455
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: Los Angeles

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,305
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507048
Salary Total: $16,305
Total Pay: $195,455

Matthew Scherb works as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Matthew earned $195,455 in 2024. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Lisa Walker

Managing Appellate Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$194,925

Base pay: $119,586
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $75,339
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $194,925
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E89
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: F

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $19,931
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012472909
Salary Total: $19,931
Total Pay: $194,925

At Supreme Court, Lisa Walker serves as a Managing Appellate Court Attorney. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $194,925. Union affiliation: E89.

Lisa Jacobs

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475013
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Lisa Jacobs holds the role of Senior Supreme Court Attorney at Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $193,946. They are represented by E88.

Eric Johnson

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: C

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500032475043
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Eric Johnson works as a Senior Supreme Court Attorney for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Eric earned $193,946 in 2025. Union affiliation: E88.

Inna Katsen

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475026
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Inna Katsen is a Senior Supreme Court Attorney at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $193,946. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Emmalena Quesada

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: K

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475033
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Emmalena Quesada holds the role of Senior Supreme Court Attorney at Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $193,946. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Anita Rotenberg

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: L

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475052
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Anita Rotenberg is a Senior Supreme Court Attorney at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $193,946. They are represented by E88.

James Sawamura

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: K

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475048
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

James Sawamura works as a Senior Supreme Court Attorney for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. James earned $193,946 in 2025. They are represented by E88.

Sonja Zavala-Sandoval

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475037
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Sonja Zavala-Sandoval is a Senior Supreme Court Attorney at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $193,946. They are represented by E88.

Ellen Zeff

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475011
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Ellen Zeff is a Senior Supreme Court Attorney at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $193,946. Union affiliation: E88.

David Miller

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: W

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475029
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

At Supreme Court, David Miller serves as a Senior Supreme Court Attorney. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $193,946. Their bargaining unit is E88.

James Timbrell

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012505050
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

At Supreme Court, James Timbrell serves as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $193,946. Union affiliation: E88.

Katharine Odonnell

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: A

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012505052
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Katharine Odonnell holds the role of Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E at Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $193,946. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Elias Batchelder

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$193,946

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $193,946
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: P

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012505051
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $193,946

Elias Batchelder works as a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Elias earned $193,946 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is E88.

Vuong Viet Khanh Nguyen

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$192,449

Base pay: $189,069
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,380
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $192,449
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012505053
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $192,449

Vuong Viet Khanh Nguyen is a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range E at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $192,449. They are represented by E88.

Erin Rosenberg

Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F/Supreme Court

2024 total comp

$192,335

Base pay: $192,335
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $0
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $192,335
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: W

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,305
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012507042
Salary Total: $16,305
Total Pay: $192,335

Erin Rosenberg is a Supreme Court Chambers Attorney, Range F at Supreme Court. They work full-time. 2024 total compensation came to $192,335. Union affiliation: E88.

Marisa Gonzalez

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$191,807

Base pay: $188,687
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,120
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $191,807
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: F

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475055
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $191,807

Marisa Gonzalez works as a Senior Supreme Court Attorney for Supreme Court. Their status is full-time. Marisa earned $191,807 in 2025. Union affiliation: E88.

Maureen Pettibone Ryan

Senior Supreme Court Attorney/Supreme Court

2025 total comp

$190,826

Base pay: $190,826
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $0
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $190,826
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: E88
Work county: San Francisco
Middle name: R

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,384
Cs/csu: Cs
Position Number: 1500012475014
Salary Total: $15,892
Total Pay: $190,826

At Supreme Court, Maureen Pettibone Ryan serves as a Senior Supreme Court Attorney. They work full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $190,826. Union affiliation: E88.