Ramsey County, Minnesota / Emergency Communications

Agency file

Emergency Communications

Source file: Ramsey County, Minnesota — Employee Compensation / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Emergency Communications is a government agency that delivers public services and programs within its jurisdiction.

In 2024, this agency had 158 employees with median total compensation of $72,604; the highest distinct record was $166,197.

Year: 2024
Total payroll: $10M
Employees: 158
Median total: $72,604
Highest record: $166,197

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$46$130,474+

Hover a bar for its range; click to filter the list below.

How 2024 total compensation is spread across the 158 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($72,604) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

Base — $51,046 (81%)
Overtime — $7,485 (12%)
Other — $4,538 (7%)
Benefits — $0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th

25th

Median

75th

90th

$7,405

$26,440

$72,604

$88,318

$109,313

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $109,313 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $7,405. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

9-1-1 Telecommunicator

79 · $33,341

Public Safety Dispatcher

50 · $82,256

Emergency Community Shift Supervisor

11 · $109,313

Ecc Support Technician

5 · $72,653

Emergency Management/Comm Manager

3 · $103,074

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Trend

Year over year

How this department's total payroll, headcount, and median pay changed across the 4 published years.

Year	Total payroll	Employees	Median pay
2021	$8.3M —	143 —	$62,918 —
2022	$8.3M ▼ 0.2%	135 ▼ 5.6%	$67,596 ▲ 7.4%
2023	$9.4M ▲ 13.4%	157 ▲ 16.3%	$70,866 ▲ 4.8%
2024	$10M ▲ 5.7%	158 ▲ 0.6%	$72,604 ▲ 2.5%

Record list

Employees

Page 1

Dollie Pelmore

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$5,234

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $4,542
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $692
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $5,234
Hourly rate: $25
Hire date: 2023-01-09
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Feb 6, 2023

At Emergency Communications, Dollie Pelmore serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2023, under a year, working full-time. Their 2023 pay totaled $5,234. They are represented by Trd.

Matiana Arnold

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2022 total comp

$5,062

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $4,592
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $471
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $5,062
Hourly rate: $23
Hire date: 2022-09-12
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Merina

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 401
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Oct 19, 2022

At Emergency Communications, Matiana Arnold serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator within Safety and Justice. They have served since 2022 (under a year), working full-time. Their 2022 pay totaled $5,062. They are represented by Trd.

Annalicia Martinez

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$5,049

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $4,723
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $327
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $5,049
Hourly rate: $26
Hire date: 2023-10-02
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Veloris

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 401
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Nov 8, 2023

At Emergency Communications, Annalicia Martinez serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2023, they have under a year of service, working full-time. Their 2023 pay totaled $5,049. They are represented by Trd.

Shugie Matthews

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$4,844

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $4,590
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $253
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $4,844
Hourly rate: $28
Hire date: 2016-06-27
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 401
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Sep 2, 2023

Shugie Matthews is a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2016, about 7 years, working full-time. 2023 total compensation came to $4,844. They are represented by Trd.

Jasmine Robles

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2021 total comp

$4,650

Base pay: $4,411
Overtime: $26
Other pay: $213
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $4,650
Hourly rate: $23
Hire date: 2021-08-02
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: G

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Sep 3, 2021

At Emergency Communications, Jasmine Robles serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator. Hired in 2021, they have under a year of service, working full-time. Their 2021 pay totaled $4,650. They are represented by Trd.

Joseph Hughes

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$4,366

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $3,446
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $920
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $4,366
Hourly rate: $26
Hire date: 2022-11-28
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Francisco Salvador

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 117
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jan 4, 2023

Joseph Hughes holds the role of 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2022, they have about a year of service as a full-time employee. In 2023, their total compensation was $4,366. They are represented by Trd.

Rubi Contreras

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2022 total comp

$4,235

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $2,674
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,561
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $4,235
Hourly rate: $24
Hire date: 2021-09-13
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Cheyenne

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 123
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jan 9, 2022

Rubi Contreras works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2021, they have about a year of service as a full-time employee. Rubi earned $4,235 in 2022. Union affiliation: Trd.

Charlotte Demry

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$3,689

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $3,527
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $163
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $3,689
Hourly rate: $29
Hire date: 2024-08-05
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Annali

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Aug 22, 2024

At Emergency Communications, Charlotte Demry serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2024, under a year, working full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $3,689. They are represented by Trd.

Jennifer Stephenson

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2021 total comp

$3,590

Base pay: $3,415
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $175
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $3,590
Hourly rate: $23
Hire date: 2021-04-12
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Marie

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 811
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: May 6, 2021

Jennifer Stephenson works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications. Their tenure dates to 2021, under a year as a full-time employee. Jennifer earned $3,590 in 2021. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Amber Welch

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$3,169

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $2,663
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $506
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $3,169
Hourly rate: $27
Hire date: 2023-11-27
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Lynn

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Dec 27, 2023

Amber Welch is a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2023, they have about a year of service, working full-time. 2024 total compensation came to $3,169. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Parris Shaw

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$3,055

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $2,682
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $373
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $3,055
Hourly rate: $25
Hire date: 2022-11-28
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Erica Alexis

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 401
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jan 9, 2023

Parris Shaw works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2022, about a year as a full-time employee. Parris earned $3,055 in 2023. They are represented by Trd.

Soua Yang

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2021 total comp

$2,873

Base pay: $2,720
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $153
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $2,873
Hourly rate: $21
Hire date: 2021-08-02
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 811
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Aug 24, 2021

Soua Yang holds the role of 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications. Their tenure dates to 2021, under a year as a full-time employee. In 2021, their total compensation was $2,873. They are represented by Trd.

Tou Yang

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2022 total comp

$2,364

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $1,725
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $639
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $2,364
Hourly rate: $24
Hire date: 2021-10-25
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Peng

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 411
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jan 17, 2022

Tou Yang works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2021, about a year as a full-time employee. Tou earned $2,364 in 2022. They are represented by Trd.

Erin Jagodzinski

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2022 total comp

$1,917

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $1,821
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $96
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $1,917
Hourly rate: $23
Hire date: 2022-04-25
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: K

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 411
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: May 6, 2022

Erin Jagodzinski works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2022, they have under a year of service as a full-time employee. Erin earned $1,917 in 2022. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Ana Escalante

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$1,636

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $968
Overtime: $133
Other pay: $535
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $1,636
Hourly rate: $24
Hire date: 2022-03-07
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Raquel

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Dec 16, 2022

Ana Escalante holds the role of 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2022, about a year as a full-time employee. In 2023, their total compensation was $1,636. They are represented by Trd.

Talena Wright

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$1,424

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $1,361
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $63
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $1,424
Hourly rate: $27
Hire date: 2024-02-05
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: N

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Feb 12, 2024

Talena Wright works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2024, under a year as a full-time employee. Talena earned $1,424 in 2024. They are represented by Trd.

Cassandra Meis

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2021 total comp

$1,415

Base pay: $1,353
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $62
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $1,415
Hourly rate: $24
Hire date: 2021-09-13
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Lyn

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Sep 21, 2021

Cassandra Meis is a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications. They have served since 2021 (under a year), working full-time. 2021 total compensation came to $1,415. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Rosa Maciel

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$1,391

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $1,327
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $65
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $1,391
Hourly rate: $25
Hire date: 2023-06-12
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Bonita

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 411
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jun 21, 2023

Rosa Maciel works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2023, they have under a year of service as a full-time employee. Rosa earned $1,391 in 2023. Union affiliation: Trd.

Itaisia Hunter

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$1,072

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $1,025
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $47
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $1,072
Hourly rate: $26
Hire date: 2023-08-07
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: N

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 905
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Aug 10, 2023

Itaisia Hunter holds the role of 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2023, under a year as a full-time employee. In 2023, their total compensation was $1,072. Union affiliation: Trd.

Kinyari Alahad

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$655

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $626
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $29
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $655
Hourly rate: $27
Hire date: 2024-08-05
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Elisha

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 905
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Oct 10, 2024

Kinyari Alahad holds the role of 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. They have served since 2024 (under a year) as a full-time employee. In 2024, their total compensation was $655. They are represented by Trd.

Amelia Moreno

Public Safety Dispatcher/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$394

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $0
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $394
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $394
Hourly rate: $33
Hire date: 2013-09-16
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: L

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 901
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Oct 29, 2023

Amelia Moreno is a Public Safety Dispatcher at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2013, they have about 10 years of service, working full-time. 2023 total compensation came to $394. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Carly Oszman

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2021 total comp

$389

Base pay: $372
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $17
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $389
Hourly rate: $23
Hire date: 2021-10-25
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Ann

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 905
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Oct 26, 2021

Carly Oszman works as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator for Emergency Communications. They have served since 2021 (under a year) as a full-time employee. Carly earned $389 in 2021. They are represented by Trd.

Rebecca Schaaf

Public Safety Dispatcher/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$356

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $0
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $356
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $356
Hourly rate: $33
Hire date: 2016-06-27
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Rae

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 905
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Oct 5, 2023

Rebecca Schaaf works as a Public Safety Dispatcher for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Their tenure dates to 2016, about 8 years as a full-time employee. Rebecca earned $356 in 2024. Union affiliation: Trd.

Jesse Paulsen

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2023 total comp

$271

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $0
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $271
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $271
Hourly rate: $30
Hire date: 2016-02-24
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Chris

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 901
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Feb 16, 2023

At Emergency Communications, Jesse Paulsen serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2016, they have about 7 years of service, working full-time. Their 2023 pay totaled $271. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Paul King

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2021 total comp

$209

Base pay: $0
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $209
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $209
Hourly rate: $23
Hire date: 2020-11-02
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: David

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 905
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Dec 3, 2020

At Emergency Communications, Paul King serves as a 9-1-1 Telecommunicator. They have served since 2020 (about a year), working full-time. Their 2021 pay totaled $209. Their bargaining unit is Trd.

Aaron Joines

Public Safety Dispatcher/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$143

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $0
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $143
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $143
Hourly rate: $33
Hire date: 2017-10-16
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: Daniel

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 905
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Feb 14, 2024

At Emergency Communications, Aaron Joines serves as a Public Safety Dispatcher within Safety and Justice. They have served since 2017 (about 7 years), working full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $143. Union affiliation: Trd.

Gina Nelson

Public Safety Dispatcher/Emergency Communications

2022 total comp

$96

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $0
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $96
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $96
Hourly rate: $30
Hire date: 2011-09-26
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: M

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 902
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jun 6, 2022

Gina Nelson works as a Public Safety Dispatcher for Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. Hired in 2011, they have about 11 years of service as a full-time employee. Gina earned $96 in 2022. Union affiliation: Trd.

David Reynolds

9-1-1 Telecommunicator/Emergency Communications

2024 total comp

$89

Sub-department: Safety and Justice
Base pay: $85
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $4
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $89
Hourly rate: $28
Hire date: 2024-06-03
Employment type: Full-Time
Union / bargaining unit: Trd
Full-time equivalent (FTE): 1
Middle name: B

Source-specific fields

Dept Name 2: EmrgcyComm/Admin
Earn Code: 102
Empl Record: 0
Pay Status: Terminated
Termination Date: Jun 3, 2024

David Reynolds holds the role of 9-1-1 Telecommunicator at Emergency Communications within Safety and Justice. They have served since 2024 (under a year) as a full-time employee. In 2024, their total compensation was $89. They are represented by Trd.