California / Department of Managed Care

Agency file

Department of Managed Care

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Department of Managed Care is a government agency that delivers public services and programs within its jurisdiction.

In 2023, this agency had 622 employees with median total compensation of $90,582; the highest distinct record was $272,347.

Year: 2023
Employees: 622
Median total: $90,582
Highest record: $272,347

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$0$194,958+

How 2023 total compensation is spread across the 622 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($90,582) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

Base — $92,286 (97%)
Overtime — $254 (0%)
Other — $2,981 (3%)
Benefits — $0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th

25th

Median

75th

90th

$42,432

$69,925

$90,582

$121,347

$156,534

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $156,534 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $42,432. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

Associate Governmental Program Analyst

110 · $72,983

Attorney III

58 · $132,232

Staff Services Analyst

52 · $55,696

Staff Services Manager I

45 · $90,595

Attorney IV

37 · $156,447

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Record list

Employees

Highest-paid first / page 2

Kirsten H H Arnold

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$175,885

Base pay: $175,285
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $175,885
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,954
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095715780004
Salary Total: $14,954
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $175,885

Kirsten H H Arnold holds the role of Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $175,885. Union affiliation: R02.

Nathan Nau

C.E.A./Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$174,047

Base pay: $171,627
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $174,047
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,478
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095727500001
Salary Total: $14,478
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $174,047

Nathan Nau holds the role of C.E.A. at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $174,047. Union affiliation: M01.

Stephen A Valizan

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$172,008

Base pay: $159,347
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $12,661
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $172,008
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,131
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095725780008
Salary Total: $14,131
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $172,008

Stephen A Valizan is a Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $172,008. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Ryan S Young

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$171,669

Base pay: $159,008
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $12,661
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $171,669
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795024
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $171,669

Ryan S Young is a Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $171,669. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Ralph P Cesena Jr

C.E.A./Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$171,149

Base pay: $168,729
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $171,149
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,304
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095017500001
Salary Total: $14,304
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $171,149

Ralph P Cesena Jr holds the role of C.E.A. at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $171,149. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Linda C Kam

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$169,576

Base pay: $168,976
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $169,576
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,796
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115871006
Salary Total: $14,796
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $169,576

Linda C Kam holds the role of Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $169,576. Their bargaining unit is M02.

Licia M Marshall

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$169,294

Base pay: $168,694
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $169,294
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,318
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094115871007
Salary Total: $15,318
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $169,294

At Department of Managed Care, Licia M Marshall serves as a Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel. Their 2023 pay totaled $169,294. Union affiliation: M02.

Sara W Durston

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$167,911

Base pay: $167,311
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $167,911
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,838
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615780005
Salary Total: $14,838
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $167,911

Sara W Durston works as a Attorney IV for Department of Managed Care. Sara earned $167,911 in 2023. They are represented by R02.

John C Lai

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$165,853

Base pay: $153,195
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $12,658
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $165,853
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,455
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115780008
Salary Total: $13,455
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $165,853

At Department of Managed Care, John C Lai serves as a Attorney IV. Their 2023 pay totaled $165,853. Union affiliation: R02.

Ryan M Arnold

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$165,561

Base pay: $157,425
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $8,136
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $165,561
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,128
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615780015
Salary Total: $14,128
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $165,561

Ryan M Arnold is a Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $165,561. Union affiliation: R02.

Scott L Ostermiller

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$164,639

Base pay: $151,980
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $12,658
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $164,639
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,455
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615780016
Salary Total: $13,455
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $164,639

Scott L Ostermiller is a Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $164,639. Union affiliation: R02.

Fabiola M Schweibish

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$164,439

Base pay: $163,839
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $164,439
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,591
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615780013
Salary Total: $14,591
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $164,439

Fabiola M Schweibish works as a Attorney IV for Department of Managed Care. Fabiola earned $164,439 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Jennifer E Marsh

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$164,418

Base pay: $159,272
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $5,146
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $164,418
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094115795020
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $164,418

Jennifer E Marsh works as a Attorney III for Department of Managed Care. Jennifer earned $164,418 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Steven P Coskie

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$163,301

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $3,831
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $163,301
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795023
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $163,301

Steven P Coskie holds the role of Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $163,301. They are represented by R02.

Amanda Levy

C.E.A./Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$163,117

Base pay: $160,697
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $163,117
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,623
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4092517500005
Salary Total: $13,623
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $163,117

At Department of Managed Care, Amanda Levy serves as a C.E.A.. Their 2023 pay totaled $163,117. Union affiliation: M01.

Michelle L Samore

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$162,041

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,571
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $162,041
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795048
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $162,041

Michelle L Samore works as a Attorney III for Department of Managed Care. Michelle earned $162,041 in 2023. Union affiliation: R02.

Shannon L Dillon

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$160,070

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $160,070
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615795029
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $160,070

Shannon L Dillon holds the role of Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $160,070. Union affiliation: R02.

Tamara L Dyer

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$160,070

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $160,070
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095715795016
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $160,070

Tamara L Dyer works as a Attorney III for Department of Managed Care. Tamara earned $160,070 in 2023. They are represented by R02.

Cathi L Richards

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$160,070

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $160,070
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795044
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $160,070

Cathi L Richards works as a Attorney III for Department of Managed Care. Cathi earned $160,070 in 2023. They are represented by R02.

Latika Sharma

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$160,070

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $160,070
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615795026
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $160,070

Latika Sharma works as a Attorney III for Department of Managed Care. Latika earned $160,070 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Mark B Sumner

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$160,070

Base pay: $159,470
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $160,070
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,526
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615795021
Salary Total: $13,526
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $160,070

Mark B Sumner works as a Attorney III for Department of Managed Care. Mark earned $160,070 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Cindy C Liu

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$159,145

Base pay: $158,545
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $159,145
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,132
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095715780007
Salary Total: $14,132
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $159,145

Cindy C Liu works as a Attorney IV for Department of Managed Care. Cindy earned $159,145 in 2023. They are represented by R02.

Danielle J Cavallini

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$156,534

Base pay: $155,684
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $850
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $156,534
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,133
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115780011
Salary Total: $14,133
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $156,534

At Department of Managed Care, Danielle J Cavallini serves as a Attorney IV. Their 2023 pay totaled $156,534. Union affiliation: R02.

Melanie A Wayland

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$156,447

Base pay: $150,198
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $6,248
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $156,447
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,235
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095725780010
Salary Total: $13,235
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $156,447

Melanie A Wayland holds the role of Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $156,447. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Nishan S Sandhar

Information Technology Manager II/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$156,336

Base pay: $153,916
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $156,336
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,048
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095011406003
Salary Total: $13,048
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $156,336

Nishan S Sandhar is a Information Technology Manager II at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $156,336. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Rachel S Long

C.E.A./Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$156,001

Base pay: $153,581
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $156,001
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,138
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091517500001
Salary Total: $13,138
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $156,001

Rachel S Long is a C.E.A. at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $156,001. Union affiliation: M01.

Nichole L Eshelman

C.E.A./Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$155,590

Base pay: $149,341
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $6,249
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $155,590
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,238
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4096217500002
Salary Total: $13,238
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $155,590

Nichole L Eshelman is a C.E.A. at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $155,590. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Harvinder Singh

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$155,489

Base pay: $154,889
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $155,489
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,130
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091715780004
Salary Total: $14,130
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $155,489

Harvinder Singh holds the role of Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $155,489. They are represented by R02.

Christin O Hemann

Deputy Director, Legislative Affairs/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$154,336

Base pay: $148,110
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $6,226
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $154,336
Union / bargaining unit: E99
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $12,556
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4092519219001
Salary Total: $12,556
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $154,336

Christin O Hemann holds the role of Deputy Director, Legislative Affairs at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $154,336. Their bargaining unit is E99.

Peng Thao

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$154,313

Base pay: $142,774
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $11,539
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $154,313
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $12,206
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795038
Salary Total: $12,206
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $154,313

Peng Thao holds the role of Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $154,313. They are represented by R02.

Michael J Hodnett

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$153,886

Base pay: $145,217
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $8,669
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $153,886
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,234
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095725780015
Salary Total: $13,234
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $153,886

Michael J Hodnett is a Attorney IV at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $153,886. Union affiliation: R02.

Debra A Ketterling

Nurse Consultant I/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$153,775

Base pay: $105,484
Overtime: $45,871
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $153,775
Union / bargaining unit: R17
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $8,942
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091618197003
Salary Total: $8,942
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $153,775

Debra A Ketterling is a Nurse Consultant I at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $153,775. They are represented by R17.

Danielle R Phomsopha

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$151,987

Base pay: $151,137
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $850
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $151,987
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,514
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795040
Salary Total: $13,514
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $151,987

At Department of Managed Care, Danielle R Phomsopha serves as a Attorney III. Their 2023 pay totaled $151,987. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Mary C Barnes

Attorney IV/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$151,697

Base pay: $151,097
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $151,697
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,130
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094115780002
Salary Total: $14,130
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $151,697

Mary C Barnes works as a Attorney IV for Department of Managed Care. Mary earned $151,697 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Justin T Tomek

Information Technology Manager II/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$151,259

Base pay: $143,458
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $7,801
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $151,259
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $12,609
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4095211406004
Salary Total: $12,609
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $151,259

At Department of Managed Care, Justin T Tomek serves as a Information Technology Manager II. Their 2023 pay totaled $151,259. They are represented by M01.

Shadbanou Azad

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$151,105

Base pay: $150,505
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $151,105
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $13,457
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094115795026
Salary Total: $13,457
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $151,105

Shadbanou Azad is a Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $151,105. Union affiliation: R02.

Alexander J Millington

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$150,678

Base pay: $144,512
Overtime: $53
Other pay: $6,113
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $150,678
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $12,816
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094615795037
Salary Total: $12,816
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $150,678

Alexander J Millington holds the role of Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $150,678. They are represented by R02.

Amir J Javideyan

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$148,826

Base pay: $148,226
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $148,826
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,090
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4094115871008
Salary Total: $14,090
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $148,826

Amir J Javideyan holds the role of Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $148,826. Their bargaining unit is M02.

Rachel E Arrezola

Deputy Director for Communication and Planning, Department of Managed Health Care/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$147,316

Base pay: $139,593
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $7,723
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $147,316
Union / bargaining unit: E99
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $11,834
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4092519220001
Salary Total: $11,834
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $147,316

Rachel E Arrezola holds the role of Deputy Director for Communication and Planning, Department of Managed Health Care at Department of Managed Care. In 2023, their total compensation was $147,316. They are represented by E99.

Kelsey H Pruden

Attorney III/Department of Managed Care

2023 total comp

$146,942

Base pay: $146,342
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $146,942
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $12,816
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4091115795017
Salary Total: $12,816
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $146,942

Kelsey H Pruden is a Attorney III at Department of Managed Care. 2023 total compensation came to $146,942. They are represented by R02.