John LyFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $36,418
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $18,308
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $54,725
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- V
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $21
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $21
- Total Pay
- $54,725
John Ly works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. John earned $54,725 in 2025. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $44,359
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $6,235
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $50,594
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Solano
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653840835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $50,594
Dajanae Stitts works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Dajanae earned $50,594 in 2023. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $41,581
- Overtime
- $3,907
- Other pay
- $250
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $45,738
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- O
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $45,738
Katie Collins holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $45,738. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $45,528
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $45,528
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Fresno
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654810835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $45,528
At Fish and Wildlife, Jamie Drummond serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $45,528. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $39,816
- Overtime
- $1,220
- Other pay
- $4,150
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $45,185
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Orange
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $21
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $23
- Total Pay
- $45,185
Allyson Bailey holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $45,185. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $44,318
- Overtime
- $310
- Other pay
- $300
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $44,928
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $22
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810835905
- Salary Total
- $22
- Total Pay
- $44,928
Miguel Armstrong-Russ works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Miguel earned $44,928 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $36,378
- Overtime
- $3,538
- Other pay
- $125
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $40,041
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $40,041
At Fish and Wildlife, Arianna Sarchi Flood serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2024 pay totaled $40,041. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $38,646
- Overtime
- $1,024
- Other pay
- $325
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $39,995
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $39,995
Karis Joy Wright holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $39,995. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $33,429
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $6,375
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $39,805
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Napa
- Middle name
- D
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $21
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653810835905
- Salary Total
- $21
- Total Pay
- $39,805
At Fish and Wildlife, Michael Lewis serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2024 pay totaled $39,805. Union affiliation: R11.
Lisse LeeFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $36,647
- Overtime
- $489
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $37,136
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- B
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $37,136
At Fish and Wildlife, Lisse Lee serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $37,136. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Neuman SneedFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $35,645
- Overtime
- $1,293
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $36,938
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Stanislaus
- Middle name
- D
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654410835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $36,938
Neuman Sneed holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $36,938. They are represented by R11.
Vicki DavisFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $36,924
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $36,924
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $22
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $22
- Total Pay
- $36,924
Vicki Davis works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Vicki earned $36,924 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $36,862
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $36,862
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- D
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $22
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $22
- Total Pay
- $36,862
Juniper Branscomb works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Juniper earned $36,862 in 2025. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $33,463
- Overtime
- $2,646
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $36,109
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $36,109
Samantha Stelter is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $36,109. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $32,105
- Overtime
- $1,346
- Other pay
- $2,628
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $36,079
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Los Angeles
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $36,079
Nathan Chavez is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $36,079. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $31,433
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $4,616
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $36,049
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Santa Barbara
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $21
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $21
- Total Pay
- $36,049
Shoshana Lescht-Smith holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $36,049. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $34,933
- Overtime
- $1,057
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,990
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $35,990
Chloe Schaecher holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $35,990. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $35,974
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,974
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- P
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $21
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $21
- Total Pay
- $35,974
Corinne Clapham is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $35,974. Union affiliation: R11.
Ana MorelandFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $34,524
- Overtime
- $842
- Other pay
- $175
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,541
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $35,541
Ana Moreland holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $35,541. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $35,328
- Overtime
- $176
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,505
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Butte
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $35,505
At Fish and Wildlife, Sebastian Marlow serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,505. They are represented by R11.
Martin ValeFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $35,129
- Overtime
- $340
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,469
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Stanislaus
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654410835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $35,469
Martin Vale is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $35,469. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $34,715
- Overtime
- $107
- Other pay
- $600
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,422
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $35,422
Dylan Winkler holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $35,422. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $31,288
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $4,104
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,392
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650260835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $35,392
Austin Kozlowski is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2023 total compensation came to $35,392. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $33,751
- Overtime
- $1,465
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,216
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $35,216
At Fish and Wildlife, Joshua Zastrow serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,216. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $33,991
- Overtime
- $574
- Other pay
- $646
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,211
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $35,211
At Fish and Wildlife, Natalie Kluck serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $35,211. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $35,060
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,060
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $35,060
Claire Kubicki works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Claire earned $35,060 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Kayla NelsonFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $34,082
- Overtime
- $971
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $35,054
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Stanislaus
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654410835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $35,054
Kayla Nelson works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Kayla earned $35,054 in 2025. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $34,985
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,985
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $34,985
At Fish and Wildlife, James Johnson serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2024 pay totaled $34,985. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $34,296
- Overtime
- $636
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,933
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Joaquin
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653310835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $34,933
At Fish and Wildlife, Amanda Chavez serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2023 pay totaled $34,933. Union affiliation: R11.
Sam HoangFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $34,741
- Overtime
- $157
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,898
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656050835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $34,898
Sam Hoang works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Sam earned $34,898 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $34,833
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,833
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Orange
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655610835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $34,833
Matthew Reichel holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $34,833. Union affiliation: R11.
Todd CalfeeFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $34,823
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,823
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- F
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $22
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $22
- Total Pay
- $34,823
At Fish and Wildlife, Todd Calfee serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $34,823. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $33,857
- Overtime
- $936
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,793
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Inyo
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656040835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $34,793
Crystal Dolis works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Crystal earned $34,793 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $34,676
- Overtime
- $29
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,705
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $34,705
Helen Hernandez-Silva works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Helen earned $34,705 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $34,125
- Overtime
- $467
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,591
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Stanislaus
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654410835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $34,591
Vivian Castorena works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Vivian earned $34,591 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Benson ChowFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $24,956
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $9,610
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,566
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Francisco
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $21
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $21
- Total Pay
- $34,566
Benson Chow is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $34,566. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $34,395
- Overtime
- $310
- Other pay
- -$310
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,395
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sonoma
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $34,395
At Fish and Wildlife, Brianna Perkins serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $34,395. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $34,172
- Overtime
- $76
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,248
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Joaquin
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653230835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $34,248
America Negrete Luna works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. America earned $34,248 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $29,555
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $4,576
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,131
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Lassen
- Middle name
- F
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651840835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $34,131
Joseph Disalvo holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $34,131. Union affiliation: R11.
Joshua OideFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $33,708
- Overtime
- $354
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $34,062
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $34,062
Joshua Oide works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Joshua earned $34,062 in 2025. They are represented by R11.