- Base pay
- $19,685
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,685
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $19,685
Analicia Ortega works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Analicia earned $19,685 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
Adam MaischFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,858
- Overtime
- $129
- Other pay
- $695
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,682
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Joaquin
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653230835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,682
At Fish and Wildlife, Adam Maisch serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2023 pay totaled $19,682. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $19,653
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,653
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Riverside
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656050835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,653
Cameron St Onge is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $19,653. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $11,695
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $7,957
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,652
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R02
- Work county
- Yolo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $11,070
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650715795001
- Salary Total
- $11,695
- Total Pay
- $19,652
Bronwen Tomb is a Attorney III at Fish and Wildlife. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $19,652. Their bargaining unit is R02.
Jayce LynchFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $19,467
- Overtime
- $133
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,600
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Diego
- Middle name
- A
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,600
Jayce Lynch holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $19,600. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $19,099
- Overtime
- $501
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,599
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,599
Garrett Galea works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Garrett earned $19,599 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $19,406
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $182
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,588
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810790905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,588
Nicholas Martinez-Goodwin is a Fish and Wildlife Seasonal Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2023 total compensation came to $19,588. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Eli IsaacsFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,791
- Overtime
- $19
- Other pay
- $758
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,568
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Siskiyou
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,568
At Fish and Wildlife, Eli Isaacs serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2024 pay totaled $19,568. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $9,499
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $10,046
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,545
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- S01
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $9,331
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650154801001
- Salary Total
- $9,331
- Total Pay
- $19,545
Christina Alston works as a Staff Services Manager II (Supervisory) for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is full-time. Christina earned $19,545 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is S01.
Chinnu XiongFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,778
- Overtime
- $749
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,526
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Fresno
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654810835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,526
At Fish and Wildlife, Chinnu Xiong serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2023 pay totaled $19,526. They are represented by R11.
Sarah AsheyFish and Wildlife Technician/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,853
- Overtime
- $382
- Other pay
- $290
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,525
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Luis Obispo
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $4,030
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720916905
- Salary Total
- $25
- Total Pay
- $19,525
Sarah Ashey holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Technician at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $19,525. They are represented by R11.
Rick CamdenFish and Wildlife Technician/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $10,987
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $8,529
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,516
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Butte
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $4,450
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652430916905
- Salary Total
- $26
- Total Pay
- $19,516
At Fish and Wildlife, Rick Camden serves as a Fish and Wildlife Technician. They work intermittent. Their 2023 pay totaled $19,516. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $17,025
- Overtime
- $603
- Other pay
- $1,885
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,514
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Joaquin
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653310835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,514
Andres Mendoza works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Andres earned $19,514 in 2024. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $18,898
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $600
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,498
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Humboldt
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653610835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,498
Geniva Ingrid Hayden holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $19,498. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $19,386
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $100
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,486
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R10
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- M
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $6,796
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350762031
- Salary Total
- $6,558
- Total Pay
- $19,486
Alyssa Davidge is a Environmental Scientist at Fish and Wildlife. They work full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $19,486. Their bargaining unit is R10.
- Base pay
- $19,322
- Overtime
- $561
- Other pay
- -$405
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,479
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650330835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,479
At Fish and Wildlife, Rachel Lorenz serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $19,479. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $17,052
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $2,383
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,435
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R01
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $5,684
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650395393905
- Salary Total
- $5,684
- Total Pay
- $19,435
Stephanie Miller works as a Associate Governmental Program Analyst for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is full-time. Stephanie earned $19,435 in 2024. Their bargaining unit is R01.
Elliot ChanFish and Wildlife Seasonal Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $14,754
- Overtime
- $2,965
- Other pay
- $1,680
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,399
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652810790905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,399
Elliot Chan holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Seasonal Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $19,399. Union affiliation: R11.
Sara BlazaFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $19,014
- Overtime
- $377
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,391
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sonoma
- Middle name
- E
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,391
At Fish and Wildlife, Sara Blaza serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $19,391. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $18,155
- Overtime
- $1
- Other pay
- $1,227
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,383
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- E
- Work county
- Yolo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $2,868
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650354708905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,383
Madilyne Von Rotz is a Environmental Services Intern at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2024 total compensation came to $19,383. Their bargaining unit is E.
- Base pay
- $18,794
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $574
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,368
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Santa Barbara
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,368
Brandon Hopper holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2024, their total compensation was $19,368. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $19,081
- Overtime
- $491
- Other pay
- -$213
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,359
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Diego
- Middle name
- R
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,359
Amanda Deverson is a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. They work intermittent. 2025 total compensation came to $19,359. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $18,564
- Overtime
- $230
- Other pay
- $539
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,333
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Siskiyou
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $19,333
At Fish and Wildlife, Victoria Rose Arnett serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $19,333. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $0
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $19,266
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,266
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Mono
- Middle name
- T
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $5,480
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5656020780003
- Salary Total
- $5,480
- Total Pay
- $19,266
Toiyabe Nelson holds the role of Fish Habitat Assistant at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is full-time. In 2024, their total compensation was $19,266. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $18,907
- Overtime
- $645
- Other pay
- -$353
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,199
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sonoma
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $20
- Total Pay
- $19,199
Isabel Sabadell holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $19,199. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $15,576
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $3,616
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,192
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Joaquin
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $3,989
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5653310916002
- Salary Total
- $3,989
- Total Pay
- $19,192
Griffin Anthony Pinkus works as a Fish and Wildlife Technician for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is full-time. Griffin earned $19,192 in 2023. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $16,451
- Overtime
- $133
- Other pay
- $2,564
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,148
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $19,148
Dana Schaefer works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Dana earned $19,148 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $18,696
- Overtime
- $447
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,142
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Luis Obispo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654810835905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,142
Ali Rae Vakili works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Ali earned $19,142 in 2023. They are represented by R11.
Allison ShawFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,974
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $167
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,141
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Alameda
- Middle name
- C
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $19
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $19
- Total Pay
- $19,141
Allison Shaw holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2023, their total compensation was $19,141. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $17,998
- Overtime
- $129
- Other pay
- $996
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,123
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Butte
- Middle name
- H
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $16
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652430835905
- Salary Total
- $16
- Total Pay
- $19,123
At Fish and Wildlife, Emily Jardine serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2023 pay totaled $19,123. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $18,710
- Overtime
- $369
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,079
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Butte
- Middle name
- J
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652840790905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,079
At Fish and Wildlife, Ari Brisco Schofield serves as a Fish and Wildlife Seasonal Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $19,079. Their bargaining unit is R11.
Evan BryantMaintenance Aide (Seasonal)/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,271
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $800
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,071
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R12
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- N
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $17
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652110987905
- Salary Total
- $17
- Total Pay
- $19,071
Evan Bryant holds the role of Maintenance Aide (Seasonal) at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $19,071. Union affiliation: R12.
- Base pay
- $17,965
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,106
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,071
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Sacramento
- Middle name
- B
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652310835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,071
Lillyauna Perry holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. In 2025, their total compensation was $19,071. They are represented by R11.
Trenton HaasFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $17,810
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $1,208
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $19,017
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Mendocino
- Middle name
- L
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5651410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $19,017
Trenton Haas works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Trenton earned $19,017 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $13,128
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $5,834
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $18,962
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Butte
- Middle name
- S
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $4,755
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5652430916038
- Salary Total
- $4,910
- Total Pay
- $18,962
David Lunsford works as a Fish and Wildlife Technician for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is full-time. David earned $18,962 in 2023. Union affiliation: R11.
- Base pay
- $18,876
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $75
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $18,951
- Employment type
- Full-Time
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Monterey
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $5,196
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720916018
- Salary Total
- $5,196
- Total Pay
- $18,951
Amanda Lm Juarez holds the role of Fish and Wildlife Technician at Fish and Wildlife. Their status is full-time. In 2025, their total compensation was $18,951. They are represented by R11.
Alexis LazoFish and Wildlife Scientific Aid/Fish and Wildlife
- Base pay
- $18,505
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $386
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $18,891
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Orange
- Middle name
- K
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5655410835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $18,891
At Fish and Wildlife, Alexis Lazo serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2024 pay totaled $18,891. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $18,642
- Overtime
- $215
- Other pay
- $0
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $18,856
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Fresno
- Middle name
- K
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5654510790905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $18,856
At Fish and Wildlife, Jenesis Mendez serves as a Fish and Wildlife Seasonal Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $18,856. They are represented by R11.
- Base pay
- $18,543
- Overtime
- $0
- Other pay
- $300
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $18,843
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- Yolo
- Middle name
- W
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $18
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5650350835905
- Salary Total
- $18
- Total Pay
- $18,843
At Fish and Wildlife, Dillon Elsasser serves as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid. They work intermittent. Their 2025 pay totaled $18,843. Their bargaining unit is R11.
- Base pay
- $18,248
- Overtime
- $1,116
- Other pay
- -$534
- Benefits
- $0
- Total compensation
- $18,830
- Employment type
- Intermittent
- Union / bargaining unit
- R11
- Work county
- San Luis Obispo
Source-specific fields
- Base Pay
- $20
- Cs/csu
- Cs
- Position Number
- 5657720835905
- Salary Total
- $21
- Total Pay
- $18,830
Soledad Carbajal-Oseguera works as a Fish and Wildlife Scientific Aid for Fish and Wildlife. Their status is intermittent. Soledad earned $18,830 in 2025. Union affiliation: R11.