Agency file

Insurance

Source file: California — State Employee Compensation (SCO Payroll Data Warehouse, CPRA) / ingested Jun 19, 2026

The Insurance regulates industry and protects consumers — licensing, oversight, and enforcement of standards.

In 2023, this agency had 1,317 employees with median total compensation of $94,996; the highest distinct record was $316,154.

Year: 2023
Employees: 1,317
Median total: $94,996
Highest record: $316,154

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

$0$194,823+

How 2023 total compensation is spread across the 1,317 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($94,996) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

Base — $90,290 (95%)
Overtime — $473 (0%)
Other — $4,678 (5%)
Benefits — $0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th

25th

Median

75th

90th

$41,864

$68,661

$94,996

$119,475

$153,598

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $153,598 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $41,864. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

Investigator

131 · $112,044

Associate Insurance Compliance Officer, Department of Insurance

93 · $90,281

Associate Governmental Program Analyst

76 · $79,036

Information Technology Specialist I

53 · $117,919

Special Investigator

53 · $87,511

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Record list

Employees

Highest-paid first / page 1

Kenneth B Schnoll

General Counsel/ Deputy Commissioner/Insurance

2023 total comp

$316,154

Base pay: $224,460
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $91,694
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $316,154
Union / bargaining unit: E98
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $18,705
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132399396901
Salary Total: $18,705
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $316,154

Kenneth B Schnoll works as a General Counsel/ Deputy Commissioner for Insurance. Kenneth earned $316,154 in 2023. They are represented by E98.

Lucy F Wang

Special Counsel to the Commissioner/Insurance

2023 total comp

$224,910

Base pay: $214,325
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $10,585
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $224,910
Union / bargaining unit: E99
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $18,169
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131172092001
Salary Total: $18,169
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $224,910

Lucy F Wang holds the role of Special Counsel to the Commissioner at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $224,910. Their bargaining unit is E99.

Teresa R Campbell

General Counsel/ Deputy Commissioner/Insurance

2023 total comp

$223,592

Base pay: $213,104
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $10,488
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $223,592
Union / bargaining unit: E98
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $18,356
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132399396001
Salary Total: $18,356
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $223,592

At Insurance, Teresa R Campbell serves as a General Counsel/ Deputy Commissioner. Their 2023 pay totaled $223,592. Union affiliation: E98.

Michael R O Martinez

Chief Deputy Insurance Commissioner/Dept of Insurance/Insurance

2023 total comp

$214,396

Base pay: $211,980
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,416
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $214,396
Union / bargaining unit: E99
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $18,150
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131014394001
Salary Total: $18,150
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $214,396

Michael R O Martinez works as a Chief Deputy Insurance Commissioner/Dept of Insurance for Insurance. Michael earned $214,396 in 2023. Union affiliation: E99.

Christopher A Citko

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$209,729

Base pay: $194,358
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $15,371
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $209,729
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,483
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131115871001
Salary Total: $16,483
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $209,729

Christopher A Citko works as a Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel for Insurance. Christopher earned $209,729 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is M02.

Patricia Hein

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$209,729

Base pay: $194,358
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $15,371
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $209,729
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,483
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132305871001
Salary Total: $16,483
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $209,729

At Insurance, Patricia Hein serves as a Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel. Their 2023 pay totaled $209,729. They are represented by M02.

Heather B Hoesterey

C.E.A./Insurance

2023 total comp

$208,929

Base pay: $200,037
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $8,892
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $208,929
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $17,294
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132407500001
Salary Total: $17,294
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $208,929

Heather B Hoesterey works as a C.E.A. for Insurance. Heather earned $208,929 in 2023. They are represented by M01.

Lan Z Brown

C.E.A./Insurance

2023 total comp

$208,276

Base pay: $205,856
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $208,276
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $17,451
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133527500001
Salary Total: $17,451
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $208,276

Lan Z Brown holds the role of C.E.A. at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $208,276. They are represented by M01.

Lynne K Wehmueller

C.E.A./Insurance

2023 total comp

$208,251

Base pay: $205,856
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,395
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $208,251
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $17,451
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133277500001
Salary Total: $17,451
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $208,251

Lynne K Wehmueller holds the role of C.E.A. at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $208,251. Union affiliation: M01.

Vanessa Davenport

Attorney V/Insurance

2023 total comp

$204,463

Base pay: $185,021
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $19,442
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $204,463
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,685
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132315781001
Salary Total: $15,685
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $204,463

At Insurance, Vanessa Davenport serves as a Attorney V. Their 2023 pay totaled $204,463. Their bargaining unit is R02.

Kristin L Rosi

Supervising Administrative Law Judge/Insurance

2023 total comp

$203,034

Base pay: $188,668
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,366
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $203,034
Union / bargaining unit: S02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,620
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132146017001
Salary Total: $16,401
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $203,034

At Insurance, Kristin L Rosi serves as a Supervising Administrative Law Judge. Their 2023 pay totaled $203,034. They are represented by S02.

Ahmad Kamil

C.E.A./Insurance

2023 total comp

$202,101

Base pay: $199,681
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $202,101
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,988
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133567500001
Salary Total: $16,988
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $202,101

Ahmad Kamil is a C.E.A. at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $202,101. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Kanlaya Sungkapaksin

Information Technology Specialist II/Insurance

2023 total comp

$201,156

Base pay: $128,497
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $72,659
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $201,156
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $10,893
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131041414002
Salary Total: $10,893
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $201,156

Kanlaya Sungkapaksin is a Information Technology Specialist II at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $201,156. Union affiliation: R01.

Nikki S Mckennedy

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$200,375

Base pay: $185,691
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,684
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $200,375
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,469
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132345871002
Salary Total: $16,469
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $200,375

Nikki S Mckennedy holds the role of Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $200,375. Their bargaining unit is M02.

George Mueller

Deputy Commissioner, Enforcement/Chief of the Bureau of Fraudulent Claims/Insurance

2023 total comp

$199,779

Base pay: $192,203
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $7,576
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $199,779
Union / bargaining unit: E99
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,294
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133899404001
Salary Total: $16,294
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $199,779

At Insurance, George Mueller serves as a Deputy Commissioner, Enforcement/Chief of the Bureau of Fraudulent Claims. Their 2023 pay totaled $199,779. Their bargaining unit is E99.

George T Teekell

Attorney V/Insurance

2023 total comp

$199,677

Base pay: $185,021
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,656
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $199,677
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,685
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132305781001
Salary Total: $15,685
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $199,677

George T Teekell is a Attorney V at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $199,677. They are represented by R02.

Eugene Kalinsky

Attorney V/Insurance

2023 total comp

$199,666

Base pay: $185,012
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,654
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $199,666
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,685
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131325781002
Salary Total: $15,685
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $199,666

Eugene Kalinsky holds the role of Attorney V at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $199,666. Union affiliation: R02.

Yvonne M Hauscarriague

Attorney V/Insurance

2023 total comp

$197,074

Base pay: $182,418
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,656
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $197,074
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,685
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132305781002
Salary Total: $15,685
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $197,074

Yvonne M Hauscarriague holds the role of Attorney V at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $197,074. Union affiliation: R02.

Edward D Cimini Jr

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$196,758

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $10,025
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $196,758
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133275461002
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $196,758

Edward D Cimini Jr holds the role of Actuary Senior at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $196,758. Union affiliation: R01.

Huong E Lam

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$196,721

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $9,988
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $196,721
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133535461002
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $196,721

At Insurance, Huong E Lam serves as a Actuary Senior. Their 2023 pay totaled $196,721. Union affiliation: R01.

Shaoping T Chang

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$196,246

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $9,513
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $196,246
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133565461001
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $196,246

Shaoping T Chang holds the role of Actuary Senior at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $196,246. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Giovanni A Muzzarelli

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$196,246

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $9,513
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $196,246
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132565461001
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $196,246

Giovanni A Muzzarelli holds the role of Actuary Senior at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $196,246. They are represented by R01.

Ali A Zaker-Shahrak

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$196,246

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $9,513
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $196,246
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133525461001
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $196,246

At Insurance, Ali A Zaker-Shahrak serves as a Actuary Senior. Their 2023 pay totaled $196,246. Union affiliation: R01.

Valerie J Sarfaty

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$195,458

Base pay: $194,358
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $1,100
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $195,458
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,483
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132995871001
Salary Total: $16,483
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $195,458

Valerie J Sarfaty holds the role of Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $195,458. Union affiliation: M02.

Stesha R Hodges

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$194,943

Base pay: $194,343
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $194,943
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,483
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131185871001
Salary Total: $16,483
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $194,943

At Insurance, Stesha R Hodges serves as a Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel. Their 2023 pay totaled $194,943. Union affiliation: M02.

Mitra Sanandajifar

Actuary Supervisor/Insurance

2023 total comp

$194,853

Base pay: $191,903
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,950
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $194,853
Union / bargaining unit: S01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,620
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133275490002
Salary Total: $16,620
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $194,853

Mitra Sanandajifar is a Actuary Supervisor at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $194,853. Their bargaining unit is S01.

Jasveet Uppal

Actuary Supervisor/Insurance

2023 total comp

$194,823

Base pay: $191,903
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,920
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $194,823
Union / bargaining unit: S01
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,620
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132275490001
Salary Total: $16,620
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $194,823

Jasveet Uppal is a Actuary Supervisor at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $194,823. Their bargaining unit is S01.

Edward Y Wu

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$194,173

Base pay: $193,573
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $600
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $194,173
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,483
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133385871001
Salary Total: $16,483
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $194,173

At Insurance, Edward Y Wu serves as a Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel. Their 2023 pay totaled $194,173. Union affiliation: M02.

Darjen Kuo

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$192,699

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $5,966
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $192,699
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133275461003
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $192,699

Darjen Kuo is a Actuary Senior at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $192,699. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Eric S Charlick

C.E.A./Insurance

2023 total comp

$192,561

Base pay: $185,153
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $7,408
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $192,561
Union / bargaining unit: M01
Work county: SACRAMENTO

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,696
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4131767500001
Salary Total: $15,696
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $192,561

Eric S Charlick is a C.E.A. at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $192,561. Their bargaining unit is M01.

Brian D Fitzgerald

Attorney IV/Insurance

2023 total comp

$190,306

Base pay: $176,306
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,000
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $190,306
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,954
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132355780003
Salary Total: $14,954
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $190,306

At Insurance, Brian D Fitzgerald serves as a Attorney IV. Their 2023 pay totaled $190,306. They are represented by R02.

Sara K Urakawa

Attorney IV/Insurance

2023 total comp

$190,145

Base pay: $175,982
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $14,163
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $190,145
Union / bargaining unit: R02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $14,954
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132385780001
Salary Total: $14,954
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $190,145

At Insurance, Sara K Urakawa serves as a Attorney IV. Their 2023 pay totaled $190,145. They are represented by R02.

Nathaniel R Spencer-Mork

Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel/Insurance

2023 total comp

$190,086

Base pay: $189,215
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $871
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $190,086
Union / bargaining unit: M02
Work county: ALAMEDA

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $16,469
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4132375871001
Salary Total: $16,469
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $190,086

Nathaniel R Spencer-Mork is a Attorney, Assistant Chief Counsel at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $190,086. Union affiliation: M02.

Waley Chun

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,653

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,920
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,653
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133275461001
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,653

Waley Chun is a Actuary Senior at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $189,653. Union affiliation: R01.

Khanh Nguyen

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,653

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,920
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,653
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133275461004
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,653

Khanh Nguyen works as a Actuary Senior for Insurance. Khanh earned $189,653 in 2023. They are represented by R01.

Fan Ye

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,653

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,920
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,653
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133275461006
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,653

Fan Ye is a Actuary Senior at Insurance. 2023 total compensation came to $189,653. Union affiliation: R01.

Simon K Lo

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,153

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,153
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133525461002
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,153

Simon K Lo holds the role of Actuary Senior at Insurance. In 2023, their total compensation was $189,153. They are represented by R01.

Sarvjit S Samra

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,153

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,153
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133565461003
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,153

Sarvjit S Samra works as a Actuary Senior for Insurance. Sarvjit earned $189,153 in 2023. Their bargaining unit is R01.

Eric R Scheppmann

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,153

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,153
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133565461004
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,153

Eric R Scheppmann works as a Actuary Senior for Insurance. Eric earned $189,153 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.

Joseph D Williams

Actuary Senior/Insurance

2023 total comp

$189,153

Base pay: $186,733
Overtime: $0
Other pay: $2,420
Benefits: $0
Total compensation: $189,153
Union / bargaining unit: R01
Work county: LOS ANGELES

Source-specific fields

Base Pay: $15,830
Cs/csu: CS
Position Number: 4133525461003
Salary Total: $15,830
Time Base: FT
Total Pay: $189,153

Joseph D Williams works as a Actuary Senior for Insurance. Joseph earned $189,153 in 2023. Union affiliation: R01.