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Minnesota / Commerce Department

Agency file

Commerce Department

Source file: Minnesota — State Employee Payroll / ingested Jun 18, 2026

The Commerce Department regulates industry and protects consumers — licensing, oversight, and enforcement of standards.

In 2025, this agency had 474 employees with median total compensation of $84,542; the highest distinct record was $232,253.

Year
2025
Total payroll
$39.8M
Employees
474
Median total
$84,542
Highest record
$232,253

What the records show

Compensation analytics

These summaries compare pay within the agency before listing individual records.

Salary distribution

How 2025 total compensation is spread across the 474 employees. Each bar is a pay range; taller bars mean more people earn in that range. The amber line marks the median ($84,542) — half earn less, half more. The far-right bar collects the highest earners.

Average pay composition

  • Base$82,849 (99%)
  • Overtime$64 (0%)
  • Other$1,037 (1%)
  • Benefits$0 (0%)

What an average paycheck here is made of — base salary versus overtime, other pay (bonuses, allowances), and benefits. A large overtime or other-pay share means take-home often exceeds base salary.

Pay percentiles

10th
25th
Median
75th
90th
$35,619
$65,054
$84,542
$103,779
$120,895

The pay ladder for this department. Someone at the 90th percentile earns $120,895 — more than 90% of the department; the 10th percentile earns $35,619. The shaded band is the middle half of employees (25th–75th percentile).

Largest job titles

The most common job titles in this department by headcount, with the median total compensation for each. Click a title to see everyone who holds it.

Trend

Year over year

How this department's total payroll, headcount, and median pay changed across the 2 published years.

YearTotal payrollEmployeesMedian pay
2024
$34.2M
413
$81,364
2025
$39.8M
16.2%
474
14.8%
$84,542
3.9%

Record list

Employees

Page 1

Angelo Vita

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$7,287
Sub-department
Energy Market Transformation
Base pay
$7,284
Overtime
$2
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$7,287
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Angelo Vita serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Energy Market Transformation. Their tenure dates to 2024, about a year, working full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $7,287. Union affiliation: Insufficient Work Time.

Jeanette Anani

Office & Administrative Specialist Principal/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$7,132
Sub-department
Word Processing Ctr
Base pay
$3,024
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$4,107
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$7,132
Hire date
1988-03-28
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
67
Union / bargaining unit
Clerical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
206
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Classified
Classified Status
Classified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Jeanette Anani serves as a Office & Administrative Specialist Principal within Word Processing Center. They have served since 1988 (about 36 years), working full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $7,132. Their bargaining unit is Clerical.

Patricia Plourde

Consumer Aide Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$6,781
Sub-department
Consumer & Industry Services
Base pay
$6,781
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,781
Hire date
2019-05-01
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
67
Union / bargaining unit
Clerical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
Yes
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
206
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Classified
Classified Status
Classified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Patricia Plourde works as a Consumer Aide Senior for Commerce Department within Consumer & Industry Services. Their tenure dates to 2019, about 6 years as a full-time employee. Patricia earned $6,781 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is Clerical.

Joel Hartwig

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$6,648
Sub-department
Energy Market Transformation
Base pay
$6,648
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,648
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Joel Hartwig works as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior for Commerce Department within Energy Market Transformation. They have served since 2024 (about a year) as a full-time employee. Joel earned $6,648 in 2025. Union affiliation: Insufficient Work Time.

Odior Obeakemhe

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$6,353
Sub-department
EAP Admin
Base pay
$6,353
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,353
Hire date
2023-06-26
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Odior Obeakemhe serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Eap Administrative. Their tenure dates to 2023, about a year, working full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $6,353. Their bargaining unit is Insufficient Work Time.

Hayk Mardanyan

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$6,294
Sub-department
Emerging Energy Technologies
Base pay
$6,294
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,294
Hire date
2023-05-24
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Hayk Mardanyan works as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior for Commerce Department within Emerging Energy Technologies. They have served since 2023 (about 2 years) as a full-time employee. Hayk earned $6,294 in 2025. Their bargaining unit is Insufficient Work Time.

Annika Johnson

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$6,266
Sub-department
Enf Fraud Invest - Group 3
Base pay
$6,093
Overtime
$173
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,266
Hire date
2023-06-21
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Annika Johnson is a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Enf Fraud Invest - Group 3. They have served since 2023 (about a year), working full-time. 2024 total compensation came to $6,266. Union affiliation: Insufficient Work Time.

Elodie Forsans

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$6,257
Sub-department
Govt & External Affairs
Base pay
$6,257
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,257
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Elodie Forsans serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Government & External Affairs. Their tenure dates to 2024, about a year, working full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $6,257. They are represented by Insufficient Work Time.

Emilia Pianalto

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$6,198
Sub-department
Communications
Base pay
$6,198
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$6,198
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Emilia Pianalto serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Communications. Their tenure dates to 2024, about a year, working full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $6,198. Union affiliation: Insufficient Work Time.

Lucy Koncar

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$5,970
Sub-department
Energy Equity Programs
Base pay
$5,970
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,970
Hire date
2023-06-26
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Lucy Koncar holds the role of Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Energy Equity Programs. They have served since 2023 (about a year) as a full-time employee. In 2024, their total compensation was $5,970. They are represented by Insufficient Work Time.

Jerrad Audette

Trainee-Wghts & Meas Invest/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$5,916
Sub-department
Weights & Measures Heavy Duty
Base pay
$5,916
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,916
Hire date
2025-05-07
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
1
Union / bargaining unit
Technical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
Yes
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
207
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Non-status
Classified Status
Non-Status
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Jerrad Audette serves as a Trainee-Wghts & Meas Invest within Weights & Measures Heavy Duty. Hired in 2025, they have under a year of service, working full-time. Their 2025 pay totaled $5,916. Union affiliation: Technical.

Cate Young

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$5,720
Sub-department
Ins Health Forms
Base pay
$5,521
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$200
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,720
Hire date
2022-05-25
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Technical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
207
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Cate Young is a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Ins Health Forms. Their tenure dates to 2022, about 2 years, working full-time. 2024 total compensation came to $5,720. Union affiliation: Technical.

Kathryn Lewis

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$5,559
Sub-department
Enf Fraud Invest - Group 3
Base pay
$5,559
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,559
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Part-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Technical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.5
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
207
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Kathryn Lewis holds the role of Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Enf Fraud Invest - Group 3. Hired in 2024, they have about a year of service as a part-time, 0.5 FTE employee. In 2025, their total compensation was $5,559. Their bargaining unit is Technical.

Alec Mclaughlin

Office & Administrative Specialist Int/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$5,546
Sub-department
Ins WC/SI
Base pay
$5,371
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$175
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,546
Hire date
2023-07-19
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
61
Union / bargaining unit
Clerical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
206
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Classified
Classified Status
Classified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Alec Mclaughlin works as a Office & Administrative Specialist Int for Commerce Department within Ins Wc/Si. Their tenure dates to 2023, about 2 years as a full-time employee. Alec earned $5,546 in 2025. Union affiliation: Clerical.

Kaleb Gezahegn

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$5,396
Sub-department
Energy Market Transformation
Base pay
$5,396
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,396
Hire date
2024-06-05
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Kaleb Gezahegn is a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Energy Market Transformation. They have served since 2024 (about a year), working full-time. 2025 total compensation came to $5,396. They are represented by Insufficient Work Time.

Adam Thon

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$5,118
Sub-department
FE Non Depository Institutions
Base pay
$5,118
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,118
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Adam Thon works as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior for Commerce Department within Fe Non Depository Institutions. They have served since 2024 (about a year) as a full-time employee. Adam earned $5,118 in 2025. They are represented by Insufficient Work Time.

Ethan Quirk

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$5,089
Sub-department
FE Non Depository Institutions
Base pay
$5,089
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$5,089
Hire date
2023-06-07
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Ethan Quirk serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Fe Non Depository Institutions. They have served since 2023 (about a year), working full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $5,089. They are represented by Insufficient Work Time.

Madison Dinneen

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$4,587
Sub-department
Legislative Affairs
Base pay
$4,587
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$4,587
Hire date
2024-05-29
Employment type
Part-Time
Pay grade
58
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.5
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Madison Dinneen serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Legislative Affairs. Their tenure dates to 2024, about a year, working part-time, 0.5 FTE. Their 2025 pay totaled $4,587. Union affiliation: Insufficient Work Time.

Connor Breese

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$4,032
Sub-department
Ins Health Forms
Base pay
$3,777
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$254
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$4,032
Hire date
2022-05-25
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Technical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
207
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

At Commerce Department, Connor Breese serves as a Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior within Ins Health Forms. They have served since 2022 (about 2 years), working full-time. Their 2024 pay totaled $4,032. Union affiliation: Technical.

Kelsey Mcelroy

Life Actuary Associate/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$3,638
Sub-department
Ins Life Actuaries
Base pay
$3,638
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$3,638
Hire date
2025-06-04
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
22
Union / bargaining unit
MN Assoc of Professional Empl
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
Yes
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
214
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Classified
Classified Status
Classified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Kelsey Mcelroy holds the role of Life Actuary Associate at Commerce Department within Ins Life Actuaries. They have served since 2025 (under a year) as a full-time employee. In 2025, their total compensation was $3,638. Union affiliation: MN Assoc of Professional Empl.

Sofia Evenson

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$3,529
Sub-department
FE Credit Union Exams
Base pay
$3,529
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$3,529
Hire date
2023-08-02
Employment type
Part-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.5
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Sofia Evenson holds the role of Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Fe Credit Union Exams. Hired in 2023, they have about a year of service as a part-time, 0.5 FTE employee. In 2024, their total compensation was $3,529. Union affiliation: Insufficient Work Time.

Mary Lobenstein

Planning Director State/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$3,497
Sub-department
CIP - Demand Efficiency
Base pay
$3,170
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$327
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$3,497
Hire date
2011-11-09
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
18
Union / bargaining unit
MN Assoc of Professional Empl
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
214
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Classified
Classified Status
Classified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Mary Lobenstein holds the role of Planning Director State at Commerce Department within Cip - Demand Efficiency. They have served since 2011 (about 13 years) as a full-time employee. In 2024, their total compensation was $3,497. They are represented by MN Assoc of Professional Empl.

Leo Ndiaye

Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior/Commerce Department

2024 total comp
$2,290
Sub-department
Energy Equity Programs
Base pay
$2,290
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$0
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$2,290
Hire date
2021-09-16
Employment type
Part-Time
Pay grade
57
Union / bargaining unit
Insufficient Work Time
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
0.3
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2024
Yes
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
218
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Unclassified
Classified Status
Unclassified
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Leo Ndiaye holds the role of Student Worker Paraprofessional Professional Senior at Commerce Department within Energy Equity Programs. Hired in 2021, they have about 3 years of service as a part-time, 0.3 FTE employee. In 2024, their total compensation was $2,290. Their bargaining unit is Insufficient Work Time.

Robert Leuer

Trainee-Wghts & Meas Invest/Commerce Department

2025 total comp
$117
Sub-department
Weights & Measures Heavy Duty
Base pay
$0
Overtime
$0
Other pay
$117
Benefits
$0
Total compensation
$117
Hire date
2011-12-07
Employment type
Full-Time
Pay grade
1
Union / bargaining unit
Technical
Pay basis
Hourly
Full-time equivalent (FTE)
1
Work county
Ramsey

Source-specific fields

Active on June 30, 2025
No
Agency Number
B13
Bargaining Unit Number
207
Branch
Executive
Branch Code
Executive
Classified Code
Non-status
Classified Status
Non-Status
Compensation Frequency Code
Hourly

Robert Leuer holds the role of Trainee-Wghts & Meas Invest at Commerce Department within Weights & Measures Heavy Duty. They have served since 2011 (about 14 years) as a full-time employee. In 2025, their total compensation was $117. Union affiliation: Technical.